Exam 2 Study Guide: Metric System, Cell Structure & Function, Membrane Function, Thermodynamics, Vesicular Transport, Cellular Respiration

These flashcards summarize key concepts from the lecture notes covering the metric system, cell structure, membrane function, thermodynamics, and cellular respiration.

What does the metric system state for 1 meter?

1 meter = 100 centimeters.

Which microscopy tool visualizes external surfaces of cells?

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

What cellular component is involved in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes.

What does the nuclear pore complex regulate?

The movement of proteins and RNA.

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

Transcription: DNA → mRNA.

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?

It synthesizes proteins.

What is a key characteristic of phospholipids?

They are amphipathic, having hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

What is selective permeability in biological membranes?

It refers to the ability of a membrane to allow certain substances to pass while blocking others.

What is the main process for moving glucose into cells?

Facilitated diffusion through transport proteins.

What does the Na+/K+ pump do?

It pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in per ATP consumed, creating a membrane potential.

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

The process by which ATP is produced using energy derived from electron transport along the electron transport chain.

What is produced during glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH.

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis.

What does fermentation regenerate?

NAD+ to keep glycolysis running.

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen.

What happens to NADH in fermentation?

It is oxidized to regenerate NAD+.

What is the total ATP gain from aerobic respiration per glucose?

Approximately 30-32 ATP.

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.

What effect do allosteric regulators have on enzymes?

They can increase or decrease enzyme activity by binding to a site other than the active site.

Which cellular structures are involved in detoxification?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

How do transport proteins facilitate the movement of ions across the membrane?

They provide a pathway through which specific ions can pass, either by forming channels or facilitated diffusion.

What defines the concept of membrane asymmetry?

The two sides of the plasma membrane differ in lipid and protein composition.

What are the two types of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis (large particles) and pinocytosis (fluid).