APUSH Pre-colonial vocab (non-confirmed def)

Cahokia

A city found in the fertile bottomlands along the Mississiapi River that became a hotspot of new Mississipian culture

Iriquois Confederacy

A confederacy of tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondags, Cayugas, & Senecas) that granted political authority to councils of sachems or leaders

Pueblo Indians

a group of native Americans who resided primarily in the southwest and are distinguished by their style of building (use of adobe & rock to build into canyon walls)

Caravel

A new type of ship made w/ a lateen sail that aided in colinization efforts

Bartolome de las Casas

A priest that advocated against colonization & subjugation of the indigenous people

Chattel Slavery

The ownership of human beings as property

Encomienda

Granst given from the crown that allowed conquistadors claim tribute in labor and goods from indigenous people

Columbian Exchange

The mass movement of biological exchange of crops, animals, humans, and diseases across the Atlantic

Mercantilism

An economic system in which the government assisted in the manafacture & trade of goods

Powhatan

A powerful chief who oversaw thirty tribal chiefdoms who attempted to ally with the english

John Rolfe

An english colonist who is famous for his arranged marriage to Pocohontas & is responsible for the major production of tabacco in Virginia

Pocohontas

The daughter of a powerful chief who was put in an arranged marriage in attempt to makw peace w/ the Enlgish

Toleration Act of 1649

An act that granted all Christainas the right to follow their beliefs & hold church services

Headright system

A labor system that granted 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony

Indentured Servitude

Contracts bound women and men to work for a master for fout to five years after which they would be free to marry and workf for themsleves

Pilgrims

Religious speratists who landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts

Puritans

Protestanst who did not seperate from the Church of england, but hoped to purify it of its ceremonies and hierarchy and fled to America

Mayflower Compact

A governing body that used the Puritans' self-governing religious congregation as the model for their political structure

House of Burgesses

A system of representative govt. made in 1619 that could make laws and levy taxes (not powerful)

Anne Hutchinson

A religious Protestant who believed in a "covenant of grace" and was exiled for her "heretical" beliefs & gender

Roger Williams

A puritan minister in Slem, who praised the seperation of Church & State opposed the establsihment of an official religion

John Winthrop

A puritan who left England to escape corruption & purify Christianity, while also settinfg an example for Christians

Nathanial Bacon

A rebel who is most known for his rebellion against Berkely and the House of Burgesses in which he seized control of the govt. and made both reform and enemies w/ the indigenous people

Sir Walter Raleigh

An explorer who made three expeditions to North Carolina

Pequot War

A war between the English colonies and indigenous tribe, Pequot, which ended in their complete massacre and pushed confidence towards New England's colonization

Metacom's War

After many attempts of the Wampanoag trying to line in peace w/ the English settlers; Metacom gave up and tried to drive the settlers out leading to a war

Joint-stock company

A corporation in which a commercial agreement that allows investors to pool thier resources together for a common purpose

Royal Colony

A colony established by the King/Queen where they must follow an appointed govt., an elected assembly , a formal legal system, and an established Anglican Church (model of the colonies)

predestination

the idea God saved only a few chosen people and that their fate is predetermined

John Smith

An English explorer who attempted to find a food supply of the indigenous people, but was instead captured and saved by Pocahontas"s mercy

Navigation Acts

A set of mercantilistic acts that restricted the colnies trade forcing them to solely trade w/ England on English ships

Halway covenant

A puritan church document that allowed partial membership rights to people who are not yet converted into the Puritan church

Dominion of New England

the formation of unification of New England Colinies into a larger group in order to act stricter w/ more authoritarian rules

Salutory Neglect

A colonial policy that allowed for American Self-government as royal bureaucrats

WIlliam Penn

A wealthy quaker who established a colony in Pennsylvania after facing persecution in England

Quakers

A religious group that faced persecution in England and escaped to the colinies and believed in purifying Christianity and believed in "innergrace"

Glorious Revolution

The end of the Catholic/authoritarian Kings in the bloodless transition of power to the protestant Queen and King, Mary of Orange and William

Propietorship

A colony not controlled under the crown, but under the rile of a Lord Propietor

Stono Rebellion

The largest slave urpising in the mainland colonies; showed the difficulties of slaves trying to revolt

South Atlantic System

A new (at the time) agricultural and commercial order that produced suagr, tabacco, rice and other tropical and subtropical products

Middle Passage

The Second Passage in slavery as they were trasnported against their will and kept in the most inhumane conditions across the Atlantic

Benjamin Franklin

An exemplar of the American Enlightenment who is noted for his inventions and influence in American politics and the constitution

(first) Great Awakening

George Whitefield along w/ Franklin's help started spreading the "word of God" and brought a new interest about religion to America

Enlightenment

A great cultural event which emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world

Natural Rights

The fundamental rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that all citizens are born w/ must be protected by the govt.

George Whitefiled

An Enlgish minister who came to America and spread the ideas of pietism to the masses

Albany Plan of Union

A plan initiated that would unify the colonies under one govt. to more easily deal w/ trade, Indian policy, and colonies' defense

Sugar Act of 1764

A new tax that was established to repalce the Molasses Act, this one was fair & made molasses trade profitale; played into colonists fear of being lessers than the people in England

Declaratory Act

An act which explicityly reaffirmed Parliment's complete and total control

Proclomation Line of 1763

An act that prevented white settlers from settling the rest of the Appalachian Mountains

Townsend Act

Taxed imports of paper, paint, glass, and tea to pay the salaries of royal governers, judges, and imperial officials

Virtiual representaion

representation w/out a direct representative in govt.

Quartering Act

An act that required colonial govt. to provide barracks and food for British troops

Commitees of Correspondence

A system that allowed Patriots to communicate w/ leaders in other colonies when new threats to liberty occurred

Vice-admirality Courts

tribunals governing the high seas and run by British-appointed judges

(first) Continental Congress

A representative body of government that covened to dictate matters such as defense

Stamp Act

An act that placed a tax on all printed items and was used to pay British troops in America

Stamp Act Congress

A representive comitee that protested Americans' loss of rights and liberties via the Stamp and Sugar Act

"Common Sense"

A rousing call for independenece and for a republican form of govt.

Boston Massacre

An event in which British red coats shot into a cloud and was used to promote anti-royalist ideas

Coercive Acts

In a response to patriot push bakc the King enacted acts that would force Massachusetts to pay for the tea and submit to imperial authority

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonosts who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms

Patrick Henry

A virginia governer who was known for his anti-federalist beliefs and opposition to the constitution

Second Continental Congress

A congress that gathered in Philidelphia was attacked, this resulted in the establishment of a continental army under the command of George Washington

Decleration of Independence

The official decleration that staed the colonies were ceceding from the British Empire

popular sovreignrenty

The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the individuals

Phillis Wheatly

A fampous black, female poet in the 1770s that was incredibly litterate and write many great works

The Great Fire of NY

During Britain's attempt to capture NYC a fire broke out and burned a quater of the town's buildings

Non-importatin movement

Women boycotted products and reduced theor households' consumption of imported goods and produced large quantities of homespun yarn