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Politico
representation where the members balance their choices in between the interest of their voters and the interest of their party
trustee
members should make decisions based on their own knowledge and judgment
delegate
duty of a member is to carry out wishes of their voters
What is the effect of a candidate centered campaign
decreases the role of the political party in management
due process clause
clause in the 14th amendment that restricts state governments from denying life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards
establishment clause
first amendment clause that protects the government from requiring citizens to join or support a religion
free exercise clause
first amendment clause protecting the rights of citizens to exercise or express their religious beliefs
necessary and proper clause
in article I, section 8, grants congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers
commerce clause
congress can regulate interstate business and commercial activity
13th amendment
outlawing slavery
14th amendment
people born in the US are citizens and prohibits states from denying persons due process or equal protection under the law
15th amendment
African American right to vote
bully pulpit
President appeals to the public to pressure other branches of government to supports the presidents policies
10th amendment
reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states and people
17th amendment
voters cast direct votes for US senators
19th amendment
women right to vote
24th amendment
prohibits poll tax
26th amendment
those 18 and older can vote
First amendment
rights of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petitioning the government
second amendment
the right to bear arms
third amendment
no soldiers in your house
fourth amendment
prohibits unreasonable seizure and establishes warrants before an arrest or search
5th amendment
right to grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self incrimination, due process, and compensation for private property
6th amendment
speedy trial, impartial jury, can confront witnesses, an attorney
7th amendment
jury in civil suits
8th amendment
no excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment
9th amendment
citizens have rights beyond the bill of rights/constitution
Participatory democracy
widespread political participation is necessary for a democracy
elitist democracy
elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in the policymaking process
Pluralist democracy
emphasizes the role of groups in the policymaking process
McCulloch v Maryland
Congress is allowed to add another bank that Maryland cannot tax because it is a part of the national government
United States v. Lopez
Federally restricting school’s gun rights based on the commerce clause is unconstitutional because they aren’t related enough
Engel v. Vitale
Schools cannot hold prayer, even if it is voluntary and isn’t about a specific religion, because it violates the establishment clause
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Individual interest in freedom of religion outweighs the state’s interest in mandatory school
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
Students do not lose their freedom of speech when going to school and schools can only restrict it if it interferes with the school’s operation
New York Times v. United States
It violates the 1st amendment for the US to limit newspapers releasing classified information if it doesn’t put the US in direct danger
Schneck v. US
The espionage act didn’t violate the 1st amendment because the government has more power during war time and the amendment doesn’t permit dangerous speech
Gideon v. Wainwright
6th amendment guarantees the right to assistance of counsel in all criminal cases where defendants cannot hire counsel
McDonald v. Chicago
The 14th Amendment makes the 2nd amendment applicable to the states
Brown v. Board of Education
Separate but equal is inherently unequal and segregation violates equal protection clause
Citizens United v. Federal Election commission
ruled that corporations are people too and therefore get free speech. also ruled that union independent campaign expenditures are constitutional
Baker v. Carr
The Supreme Court has power over apportionment and states need to draw districts with fairly equal population so each vote is equal
Shaw v. Reno
States cannot redraw districts solely for race to such a degree that it segregated on race
Marbury v. Madison
It was illegal for James Madison to withhold payment but it was beyond the Supreme Court’s power to make him pay, established judicial review
Federalist no. 10
James Madison proposes a republic allows all voices to be heard, not just the majority and allows for the most equal power
Brutus no.1
A large union is bad because you can’t connect with states and it limits the states’ power because the federal government holds the strongest power of taxation
Federalist no.51
Hamilton proposed checks and balances with each branch having a will of its own with little control or dependence on the other branches
Federalist no. 70
Hamilton described the ideal president
Federalist no.78
Outlines the judiciary branch: life term, judicial review, protects the constitution from congress, and is the least dangerous branch because it can’t enforce
Pork barrel spending
Legislation that directs specific funds to projects in districts/states
Topic of article one of the constitution
legislative branch
Topic of article two of the constitution
Executive branch
Topic of article three of the constitution
Judicial branch
Topic of article four of the constitution
States, citizenship, new states
Topic of article five of the constitution
amendment process
Topic of article six of the constitution
debts, supremacy, oaths, religious texts
Topic of article seven of the constitution
ratification
What is the US upper house
The Senate
what did the civil rights act of 1964 do
prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
How does the budget process work
the president submits a budget proposal and congress passes a budget resolution about spending, revenue, and deficit goals. The resolutions lack force of law so they don’t need presidents permission
Examples of checks on the bureaucracy
holding hearings, making appointments, and setting budget allowances
How is a bill passed
representative in HOR sponsors bill and is voted, debated, and amended
If the bill wins, the bill moves onto the senate and is debated and voted on
Conference committee to work out differences between house and senate and then bill gets approved in house and senate
president signs bill or vetos
Formal presidential powers
execute laws, commander in chief, treaties, ambassadors, pardons, nominate federal judges, veto
informal presidential powers
executive orders, bargaining and persuasion, signing statements, executive agreements
Why are presidential signing statements sometimes chosen over a presidential veto
Congress cant override a signing statement
libertarian beliefs
favors little gov intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberties
what happens if you focus on poll results instead of candidates in media
can’t compare policy platforms
Why does voting eligibility criteria vary state by state
states can create criteria they want as long as they don’t violate the constitution
Leader in the house of representatives
speaker of the house
Leader in the senate
Vice president
what does a President pro Tempore do
completes duty of VP in the Senate when the VP is out
rule of law
no one is above the law
rule by law
gov authority is above the law
conservatism
favors more regulation of social behavior and less fovernment interference in the economy
liberalism
favors less gov control over social behavior and greater regulation of the economy
fiscal policy
gov using taxes and spending to support the economy
fiscal federalism
gov use of grants in aid to infleunce policies in the states
dual federalism
states and nation operate independently in their own areas of public policy
articles of confederation
governing doc that created a union of thirteen states which staes, not the union, were supreme
enumerated (express) powers
powers explicityly granted to the national gov through the constitution
necessary and proper clause
grants congress the power necessary to carry out its enumerated powerexcluive powers
exclusive powers
powers only the national gov can exercise
reserved powers
powers not given to the national gov are retained by the states and the people
concurrent powers
powers granted to states and fed gov
full faith and credit clause
states must recognize public acts, records, and court proceedings from other states
privileges and immunities clause
dont discriminate against people from out of state
Logrolling
trading votes in legislation between members of congress to get their projects passed
Apportionment
Process of determining the number of representatives for each state using census data
How is the president chosen
electoral college
oversight
congress ensuring the exec branch and their officials are acting legally and in accordance with congressional goals
political action committee (PAC)
an organization that raises money for candidates and campaigns
caucus
party members gather to discuss candidates and select a delegate to represent in the nomination process
Amicus Curiae brief
brief filed by someone not in a party to a case in an attempt to persuade the court to agree with the arguments in the brief
Iron triangle
coordinated activities of the bureaucracy, congress, and interest groups to achieve shared policy goals
executive privilege
a right claimed by presidents to keep certain conversations and records confidential from outside scrutiny and congress
powers shared by fed and state gov
tax, borrow money, laws, court, banks
powers reserved to the states
police, elections, amendment final say, local gov
Note 
Flashcard (61)