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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Investigative Psychology

Main Areas of Investigative Psychology

  • Investigative Psychology (IP): It focuses on establishing an empirical foundation for the ways in which criminal actions are evaluated and comprehended so that the detection of crime is effective and legal proceedings are suitable.
  • Three Processes of IP
    • Information Retrieval
    • Decision-making
    • Criminal behavior

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Information Retrieval

  • Police investigation crime reports to gather, assess, and use them.
  • Scientific research on human perception and memory, as well as psychological studies on report reliability, validity, and evaluation, can benefit this activity.
  • IP concerns itself with what information is used in investigations and the work that supports them, as well as how that data is obtained.
  • Much of this work in property rights falls under the heading of real-world research and comprises building and executing content analysis methodologies relevant to these kinds of data sources.
  • IP information retrieval requires reevaluating the most accurate recording measurement units for crime scene investigation.
  • Pre-IP information gathering methodologies used to build research data sets lacked explicit descriptions of crime scene-related acts.
    • This lack of conceptual accuracy raised concerns about the authenticity of studies based on data collected by these pre-IP tools.
  • Early crime scene classification models used psychological processes to classify criminals by motivation.
    • Early IP research developed objective measurement methods to solve this methodological challenge.
    • Instead of subjective crime scene evidence, they show the perpetrator's physical actions.
    • Building more relevant measurement tools can teach data collectors.

Measurement Tools

  • Homicide Profiling Index – Revised to include Rape and Sexual Offenses: A measuring device intended for use in collecting data from police case files in accordance with established best practises.
  • This is a comprehensive instrument based on crime scene components that can be collected from a case file.
  • It consists of 312 variables and 27 subgroups of variables that can be classified into 6 broad categories.
    • case file contents
    • precrime behaviors
    • crime scene behaviors
    • postcrime behaviors
    • victimology
    • offender background

Decision-Making

  • Police investigate crimes by gathering, analysing, and using multiple accounts.
  • Investigators find decision-making hardest.
  • The investigation procedure's chronology can inform decision-making.
  • An enquiry gathers and processes a lot of information, making it hard to retain and recognise the most significant parts.
  • Context-free decision making is impossible because the investigator's past experiences influence all decisions.
  • People cannot avoid biases in perception and decision-making.
  • Social psychology literature shows that people selectively perceive what they want to see and use this information to create and confirm their decisions.
  • Cognitive biases and bad decisions can occur.
  • Heuristic bias can impair investigative decision-making, hence strategies to limit it have been developed.
  • Intellectual property decision-making research focuses on practitioners to demonstrate how crime scene information affects decision-making.
  • Investigators must use their knowledge about the offender(s) to identify and choose suspects or lines of enquiry.
  • They must find the most likely culprit features and experimentally confirm their findings.

Criminal Behavior

  • IP's third focus is building police investigations' inferences.
    • This entails understanding and modelling criminal behaviour.
    • Criminal behaviour analysis is based on the assumption that offenders' traits and crime scene behaviour are linked.
    • The A🡢C equation links offender characteristics to offending actions.
  • Behavioral crime scene investigation and offender profiling research has focused on individual differentiation, behavioural consistency, and criminal characteristic inferences.
    • Individual differentiation: The purpose of this study is to identify subgroups of crime scene types and differentiate between the behavioural actions of criminals.
    • Behavioral consistency: This seeks to comprehend both the progression of a criminal's career and the individual's consistency across a series of crimes, i.e., whether the same actions are displayed at each crime scene across a series of offenses.
    • Inferences about offender characteristics: Its aim to determine the nature of the coherence between the most likely features of an offender based on the way an offender behaves at the time of the crime and is at the core of criminal profiling.

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Individual Differentiation and Classification

  • Canter (1995, 2000) in the original sketching of the A🡢C equation, makes the key point that for offender profiling to operate, it needs to assess the salience of the variables that are employed for the crime scene classification process.

    • IP began with a focus on salience and identifying the crime scene actions that best distinguish behavioural subtypes.
  • A sexual crime's sexual element or a homicide's victim's death would be present in most crime scenes.

    • Certain crime scenes exhibit highly individualised behaviours that are not suitable for a model that attempts to summarise crime scene characteristics.
    • To identify one crime from another, the most significant crime scene characteristics must be identified to classify crime scenes into subtypes with similar traits.
    • Each crime scene subtype has its own characteristics, yet their activities will have a psychological connection.
    • This gives a framework for comparing and classifying crime scenes based on evidence.

    Typical crime scene classification model.

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  • The first IP homicide model, which followed IP principles of information retrieval and analysis of criminal behaviour from case files, connected activities within each subtype and differentiated crime scene subtypes (see Salfati & Canter, 1999). This model identified these subtypes:
    • Expressive-Impulsive
    • This type of homicide involves a series of erratic and impulsive actions against a victim with personal importance in an emotionally charged situation.
    • These homicides are often impulsive because the culprit utilises a weapon found at the spot or brings one, emphasising a violent encounter.
    • These killers often have a history of impulsive and violent crimes, which shows how they have behaved with others in the past and how they handle conflict in general.
    • Instrumental-Opportunistic
    • This type of homicide targets vulnerable victims of opportunity used as conduits. Strangulation, kicking, and punching injure the victim.
    • In certain cases, the perpetrator steals goods and/or sexually assaults the victim.
    • These offenders tend to commit robbery and burglary rather than theft.
    • Instrumental-Cognitive
    • This category of homicide has a cognitive emphasis, victims are objectified, the offender keeps calm throughout and after the crime, and they strive to remove forensic evidence, transport the body, or dispose of the body.
    • These behaviours show that the perpetrators are purposefully distancing themselves from the victim and crime, therefore removing themselves as suspects. These crooks know forensic evidence.
    • These cognitive crimes are committed by experienced criminals who have served time in prison.
  • Developing crime scene subtype categorization and differentiation models requires identifying the strongest psychological themes.
    • Psychological patterns or themes of crime scene behaviour are more important than individual behaviours.
  • Intelligence Penetration (IP): This is a branch of study that seeks to categorise criminal conduct into separate subtypes whose behaviours share common psychological elements.
    • This technique to classification and individual distinction is fundamental to behavioural analysis in IP and serves as the foundation for all research in the discipline.
  • Early studies produced categorization methods and instructed law enforcement officials to use them, but did not provide a criterion to classify a criminal based on their behaviour.
    • Hybrid instances were found in many crime sites in the first decade of forensic research.
    • IP work has focused on refining classification model behaviours to better identify one type from another, making classification models more robust, and reducing the number of hybrid cases or redefining hybrids as a separate type.

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Behavioural Consistency and Linking

  • The second area of focus in the analysis of criminal behaviour is behavioural consistency.
    • This field of study has expanded the (A)ctions portion of the A-C equation to A-A-A and aims to examine how offenders' actions may be consistent over time.
    • Both the relevance of the behaviours and the individuality of crime scene subtypes are crucial to the selection of the analytic units for any study attempting to quantify consistency patterns.
    • Early IP study on this topic revealed that hybrid crime scenes are associated with a lower level of series consistency.
    • Salfati and Bateman (2005) released the first study in the field seeking to provide a baseline understanding of how consistent offenders are throughout their series, stating that 70% of series had hybrids.
  • IP created the Model for the Analysis of Homicide Trajectories and Consistency (MATCH).
    • This method evaluates series consistency, not exact matches between crime sites.
    • It also discusses how hybrid crime scenes might define some TV programmes.
    • In a serial homicide research, the MATCH approach classified the majority of series according to a dominating trajectory pattern, while consistency analysis only classified half as many series.
  • The MATCH system for conceptualising behavioural patterns includes six distinct trajectories that offenders engage in during their series of offences.
    • Consistent Pure Type: Each crime scene displays the same dominant classification subtype at each crime scene.
    • Pure Type Switcher: An offender switches between two crime scene classification subtypes throughout their series.
    • Consistent Hybrid: Each crime scene is a hybrid subtype, and where each crime scene in the series displays this same hybrid subtype.
    • Pure Type–Hybrid Switcher: Each crime scene displays either a pure subtype, or a hybrid subtype that includes the pure subtype.
    • Double Pure Type–Hybrid Switcher: Crime scenes within a series switches between two types throughout the series, or a hybrid of these two pure types.
    • Inconsistent Type: Aims to describe what the testing of the model found to be the rare series that do not display a trajectory in line with the above outlined patterns

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Inferences about Offender Characteristics

  • Offender profiling: It is the practise of inferring the characteristics of a criminal based on his or her behaviour at a crime scene in order to prioritise suspects.
    • It is vital to remember that the objective is not to identify a specific perpetrator, but rather to establish the most likely offender traits connected with the sorts of activities found at the crime scene.
  • The focus of this study has been on five main categories of characteristics:
    • demographical information
    • criminal history
    • geographical profiling – the location of the offender’s most likely home area
    • offender motivations
    • offender narratives
    • offender psychological and clinical characteristics
  • IP emphasises empirically derived models of behaviour and work for investigative practises.
    • This study focuses on offender factors including age, education, relationship to victim, and criminal history.
  • Psychology, personality, and clinical assessments have been studied.
  • Motivation and offender narratives were also examined.
    • This study examined offenders' self-perceptions and relationships with others to determine who they target, why, and how.

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Investigative Psychology in Practice

  • This figure shows the iterative process, which begins with determining the most important law enforcement and investigative questions.
  • We then develop important research hypotheses to lead the research and enable a full analysis to answer these practice-based concerns.
  • We use the answers in training to make the study practical.
  • It is crucial to analyse how this new evidence-based information affects investigative practise and whether knowledge gaps remain.
  • This must be done while evaluating the training process for the best ways to translate scientific information into investigative practise.
  • After practise, new questions are created to refine and broaden the original ones.

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The process of practice-informed research and research-led practice.

\

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Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
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Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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