Bio Characteristics of living organisms

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23 Terms

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Qualifications of something to be considered “Living”

  • Movement

  • Respiration

  • Sensitivity

  • Control

  • Growth

  • Reproduction

  • Excretion

  • Nutrition

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Definition of Nutrition

food obtained by organisms to provide Energy.

<p>food obtained by organisms to provide <strong>Energy</strong>.</p>
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Definition of Respiration

A chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms, Energy is released from glucose either in the presence of oxygen(aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)

<p>A chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms, Energy is released from glucose either in the presence of oxygen(aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)</p>
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Definition of Excretion

The removal of toxic materials and substances from living organisms.

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Excretion in plants

  • Waste products excreted by plants include:

    • Oxygen from photosynthesis

    • Carbon dioxide from respiration

    • Water from respiration and other chemical reactions

<ul><li><p>Waste products excreted by <strong>plants</strong> include:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Oxygen</strong> from <strong>photosynthesis</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Carbon dioxide</strong> from <strong>respiration</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Water</strong> from <strong>respiration</strong> and other chemical reactions</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Excretion in animals

  • Waste products excreted by animals include:

    • Carbon dioxide from respiration

    • Water from respiration and other chemical reactions

    • Urea which contains nitrogen resulting from the breakdown of proteins

<ul><li><p>Waste products excreted by <strong>animals</strong> include:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Carbon dioxide</strong> from <strong>respiration</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Water</strong> from <strong>respiration</strong> and other chemical reactions</p></li><li><p><strong>Urea</strong> which contains<strong> nitrogen</strong> resulting from the breakdown of <strong>proteins</strong></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Definition of Sensitivity

The ability to detect and respond to stimuli in its surroundings.

<p><strong>The ability to detect and respond to stimuli</strong> in its surroundings.</p>
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Definition of Movement

An action by an organism causing a change of position or place. For example, sunflowers track the sun and so change their orientation throughout the day

<p><strong>An action by an organism causing a change of position </strong>or place. For example, sunflowers track the sun and so change their orientation throughout the day</p>
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Definition of Homeostasis

The control of the internal environment in order to keep conditions within required limits. The optimum human body temp is 37°C

<p><strong>The control of the internal </strong><span><strong>environment</strong></span><strong> in order to keep conditions</strong> within required limits. The optimum human body temp is <strong>37°C</strong></p>
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Definition of Reproduction

The process that leads to the production of more of the same kind of organism. It is fundamental to the survival of a species.

<p><strong>The process that leads to the production of more of the same kind </strong>of organism. It is fundamental to the survival of a species.</p>
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Definition of Growth

A permanent increase in size. in animals, an individual grows larger between the zygote and adult stage. In plants, an individual grows larger throughout their whole life with new shoots, leaves, branches etc…

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Five kingdoms of Living organisms

  • Animals

  • Plants

  • Fungi

  • Protoctists

  • Prokaryotes

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Definition of Eukaryotes

Multicellular or single-celled and are made up of a nucleus with a distinct membrane.

<p><strong>Multicellular or single-celled </strong>and are made up of a <strong>nucleus </strong>with a <strong>distinct membrane.</strong></p>
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Animals

Main features of Animals:

  • Multicellular

  • Their cells contain a nucleus

  • They do NOT have cell walls

  • They often store carbohydrates as glycogen

<p>Main features of Animals:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Multicellular</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Their cells contain a nucleus</strong></p></li><li><p>They do <strong>NOT </strong>have cell walls</p></li><li><p>They often store carbohydrates as <strong>glycogen</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cell structures found in both Animals and Plants

  • Nucleus

  • Cytoplasm

  • Cell membrane

  • Ribosomes

  • Mitochondria

<ul><li><p><strong>Nucleus</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Cytoplasm</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Cell membrane</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Ribosomes</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Mitochondria</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Plants

Main features of plants:

  • Multicellular

  • Their cells contain a nucleus

  • They DO have cell walls

  • They contain Chloroplasts

  • They feed by Photosynthesis

  • They store carbohydrates as Starch or sucrose

<p>Main features of plants:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Multicellular</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Their cells contain a nucleus</strong></p></li><li><p>They <strong>DO </strong>have <strong>cell walls</strong></p></li><li><p>They contain <strong>Chloroplasts</strong></p></li><li><p>They feed by <strong>Photosynthesis</strong></p></li><li><p>They store carbohydrates as <strong>Starch </strong>or <strong>sucrose</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cell structures found only in plants

  • Cell wall

  • Chloroplasts

  • Permanent vacuole

<ul><li><p><strong>Cell wall</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Chloroplasts</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Permanent vacuole</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Fungi

Main features of fungi:

  • Usually multicellular, but some are single-celled

  • They contain a nucleus

  • They have Cell walls made of Chitin

  • They store carbohydrates as glycogen

<p>Main features of fungi:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Usually multicellular</strong>, but some are <strong>single-celled</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>They contain a nucleus</strong></p></li><li><p>They have <strong>Cell walls</strong> made of <strong>Chitin</strong></p></li><li><p>They store carbohydrates as <strong>glycogen</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Protoctists

Main features of Protoctists:

  • They are very diverse and dont really belong in any of the other eukaryotic kingdoms(animals, plants, and fungi)

  • They are mainly single-celled, but some can form together into larger forms

  • They contain a nucleus

  • Some have features making them more like animal cells(e.g, Chlorella)

  • This means some protoctists can photosynthesise and some feed on other substances

<p>Main features of Protoctists:</p><ul><li><p>They are <strong>very diverse</strong> and dont really <strong>belong</strong> in any of the other eukaryotic kingdoms(animals, plants, and fungi)</p></li><li><p>They are <strong>mainly single-celled</strong>, but some can form together into <strong>larger forms</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>They contain a nucleus</strong></p></li><li><p>Some have features making them <strong>more like animal cells</strong>(e.g, Chlorella)</p></li><li><p>This means <strong>some protoctists can photosynthesise </strong>and some <strong>feed on other substances</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are different from the other four kingdoms, which are eukaryotes. Features of prokaryotes include:

  • single-celled

  • They have NO nucleus

  • The nuclear material is found in the cytoplasm

  • Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms

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Bacteria

Bacteria are:

  • Single-celled organisms

  • They have a cell wall, cell membrane cytoplasm AND plasmids

  • They lack a nucleus but contain circular DNA

  • They lack Mitochondria and have NO membrane bound organelles

<p>Bacteria are:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Single-celled organisms</strong></p></li><li><p>They have a <strong>cell wall, cell membrane cytoplasm AND plasmids</strong></p></li><li><p>They <strong>lack a nucleus</strong> but contain circular DNA</p></li><li><p>They lack <strong>Mitochondria </strong>and have <strong>NO membrane bound organelles</strong></p><p></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Examples of Bacteria

  • Lactobacillus

    • A rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk

  • Pneumococcus 

    • A spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

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How bacteria feeds

  • SOME Bacteria can carry out photosynthesis despite having no chloroplasts, this is due to them possessing chlorophyll

  • Most feed on other living or dead organisms, if they feed on dead organic matter then they are known as decomposers.