Chapter 1: Intro to Clinical Psychology

What does the field of clinical psychology entail?

1) Conduct more in-depth treatment called therapy (insight oriented, more likely to do psychodynamic).

2) Help people with more serious problems (mental disorders like schizophrenia, etc.)

3) More pathology based, use medical model.

4) More individual level, doesn't really look at systems of influence.

5) Focuses on therapy, gaining insight, changing behaviors and thoughts, not focused on getting resources like welfare, housing, etc.

What does the field of counseling psychology entail?

1) Conduct more surface-level treatment called counseling (help find job, etc).

2) Help people with less serious problems (adjustment). 3) More strengths-based, use humanistic model.- more problem solving.

What does the field of Social Work entail?

Examines how various institutions/systems affect an individual, often includes more practical help than counseling.

What is an example of Social Work?

Depressed single mom needs more than improved self esteem, she needs help with child care, welfare, tuition waiver for school, help with housing, etc.

Both clinical and counseling psychology both may use: ________________, ____________, and _______________ techniques.

cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic.

Professional Counseling Definition

An individual with advanced education and training collaborates with an individual, couple, family, and group to promote optimal mental health and functioning.

What can you do with a masters degree?

Therapy/counseling, consultation.

What can you do with a doctoral degree?

Therapy, consultation, assessment, supervision, program development & evaluation; consultation (PhD, PsyD, EdD).

What kind of specialties can you get?

Mental Health Counseling, Marriage and Family Counseling, Drug Counseling, Vocational Counseling, School Counseling, Pastoral Counseling, Rehabilitation Counseling.

What is a licensure?

Professional association recognizes qualified to engage in certain activities (reimbursement from health insurance companies).

---> Psychologist - Doctoral, Licensed Professional Counselor (Clinical Practitioner), Licensed Clinical Social Worker.

What is a certification?

Professional association recognizes that you have enough training in a certain field to be considered a specialist in that field, recognition of your specialty.

--->Drug & Alcohol Counseling, School Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapy

What years were the early years of clinical psychology?

1908-1941

What is significant about Frank Parsons?

- In 1908 Parsons opened up the first vocational bureau, using novel ideas.

- He believed adolescents had a right to choose their career.

- He also created one of the first questionnaires, the self-inventory, that took hours/days to complete, given to the client, his family, friends, and teachers.

- Measured aptitudes, interests, limitations, personality, moral character, bodily characteristics, appearance.

- Soon after, Boston school system hired 117 teachers as vocational counselors, and in 1911 Harvard created the first training in vocational counseling.

What was the testing movement?

- Psychoanalysis was clinical psychology and was meant for the rich between 1900-1918.

- After the success of clinical psychologists use of tests to select candidates for WWI armed forces and officer positions, tests began to be used for vocational, psychological, and business purposes (1927 Strong Vocational Inventory; 1941 MMPI).

What were child guidance clinics?

Increased public interest in mental health children, interdisciplinary team psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers test & diagnose children for learning problems & mental illness, and treat by change environment or use psychoanalysis.

What years did major changes occur in the field?

1942-1980.

What did Carl Rogers do?

He took a nondirective approach, he countered the active "test, diagnose, treat" model, and testing went out of favor.

What occurred with the deinstitutionalization of mental health?

Government mandated least restrictive environ possible, emerging community mental health center over state hospital. This help with invention medications to treat symptoms - antipsychotic Thorazine & MAOIs & Lithium.

What years did school counseling increase fourfold?

1950-1965, Colleges started offering counseling to help with problems interfering with academics.

Why did professional associations develop?

Needed to define role of counseling, standardize training (need assessment class, therapy class, developmental class, class brain, etc.)

What years include the coming of age for the field?

1980-present.

What did licensure laws do?

Ensure professional service - education requirements (certain classes, program certified), pass written test, verbal test, pay fee to get paper, continue get education (Continuing ed. Credits).

What happened with managed care & emphasis on evidence based-practice?

Affects how therapists are paid, need get on PPO groups, limits number sessions, more research devoted showing whether treatment effective (very medical-model based - have disorder, here's best way treat it). Testing & structured therapy is again the norm, like the early years.

What changes occurred in college in the coming of age years?

- More severe problems, more interaction with greater numbers.

- Psychosis, personality disorders. Greater numbers: run psychoeducation, prevention, workshops (stress reduction, communication, conflict resolution).

What are the ideas behind internet counseling?

Proven to be effective, but controversial b/c some problems unlikely to be helped (crisis), confidentiality, privacy of client info.

What does a school counselor do?

Provide guidance counseling, in terms of organizational, study and test-taking skills; career awareness, exploration and planning; examination of colleges; preparation for SAT/ACT; choosing classes; understanding self and others; communication, problem-solving and conflict resolution; substance abuse education; anti-bullying. Individual counseling; consultation with teachers/parents/admin; presentations.

What does a school psychologist do?

Assess exceptional children - learning disability, intellectual development disability, behaviorally handicapped, gifted children. Consultation for IEP (individualized education plan).

What is Rehabilitation Counseling?

Human services professional who assists persons with disabilities to become or remain productive and self-sufficient.