Washington, Adams, and Jefferson

Federalist party

Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were part of the ...

Hamilton's financial plan

- Create a national bank
- Begin paying back debts to other countries
- Take on the debt of the states

could enforce federal laws

The Whiskey Rebellion proved that the U.S. President

Key points of Washington's Farewell Address

- Announces he is not running for 3rd term
- Do not become divided among political (Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist) and geographical (North vs. South) lines
- Be careful about foreign influence

A cabinet is the

President's advisors that they appoint and includes the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, and Attorney General, amongst others.

Anti-Federalists

- Believed in strong state governments
- Were mostly from rural areas in the South and West
- Were farmers, plantation owners, etc.
- Did not support the Constitution (wanted a Bill of Rights)

Federalists...

- Believed in strong federal government
- Were mostly from the eastern coastal cities
- Were bankers, merchants, businessmen/owners, etc.
- Supported the Constitution
- Favored ties with Britain following the Revolutionary War

The Alien and Sedition Acts

- Gave the president power to deport any immigrants ("aliens") that were considered dangerous or belonging to an enemy nation at a time of war
- Newspapers and people could be fined/imprisoned for criticizing the president and Congress.

The Naturalization Act

Increased the naturalization process (becoming a citizen) from 5 years to 14-15 years.

The Election of 1800 was different

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr were tied for electoral votes, therefore the House of Representatives voted on who would become the next president and chose Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson

President of the United States from 1801-1809. Early Anti-Federalist Known for Barbary Wars, Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark Expedition, and the Embargo Act.

Louisiana purchase

Thomas Jefferson doubles the size of the U.S. by

Control over the Mississippi River

The geographical attraction with buying the L. Purchase...

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who established the principle of Judicial Review in the case Marbury v. Madison

Marybury v. Madison

Court case that established Judicial Review

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

John Adams

2nd President of the United States who served from 1797-1801. Early Federalist who became unpopular due to raising taxes for the Quasi-War against France as well as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

George Washington

First President of the United States who served from 1789-1797. As the first president, he set many precedents that future presidents would follow.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of Treasury and prominent Federalist who fought with Jefferson over the creation of a national bank.

Arguments with Creating a National Bank

For
- US can loan money, hold money, and collect interest (extra money that accumulates over time)
- US can print money from bank
- Promote businesses by giving and extending loans

Against
- Unconstitutional
- Overstep of constitutional power
- Use small, "pet" banks for small business owners, not the the big banks for the wealthiest people.

Precedents set by GW

- Calling on the Cabinet to offer advice
- Neutrality in Foreign Affairs
Use of executive power to enforce the law (Whiskey Rebellion)
- 2-term Presidency

Jay's and Pinckney's Treaties

Jay's Treaty- Between Britain and US that ensured British troops would leave the Northwest Territory (US land), stop harassing American ships, settle border disputes, and stop assisting Native attacks on settlers.

Pinckney's Treaty- Spain gave up land directly to the east of the Mississippi River in modern day Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee

Importance: Showed that the US could successfully negotiate with world powers and now had a stronger foothold on their territories.

Federalist Papers

85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the newly-created Constitution

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written by Jefferson and Madison, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of the federal government that it considers unconstitutional

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language, skills, and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark

Two outdoorsmen sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory

Corps of Discovery

Team of adventurers, led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory

Lewis and Clark's expedition being important

- Mapped out Louisiana Territory
- Created detailed accounts of fauna, terrain, animal life, etc.
- Contacted Native peoples in Louisiana Territory

Embargo Act of 1807

- Prohibits American ships from foreign trade
- Goal: stop impressment by hurting British and French trade
- Effects: Hurt American economy drastically as exports sank
- Very unpopular