alberta science 10 unit b3

alberta science 10 B3

System

A set of interconnected parts, the objects involved in doing the transfer of energy.

Open System

An open system exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings.

Closed System

A closed system exchanges only energy, but not matter, with its surroundings.

Isolated System

An isolated system cannot exchange matter or energy with the surroundings.

Heat

Transfer of thermal energy from one location to another.

Work

Movement of matter from one location to another, involved in the system.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

The total energy in a system remains constant, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy.

Positive Work

Occurs when work done on the system increases heat and mechanical energy.

Negative Work

Occurs when work done on the system decreases heat and mechanical energy.

Perfect Machine

A theoretical machine where mechanical energy input equals mechanical energy output, no energy lost to friction.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Describes the direction of energy flow; heat naturally flows from hot to cold.

Heat Engine

Device that converts one form of energy into mechanical work, typically via combustion.

Internal Combustion Engine

Engine where fuel combustion takes place inside the working cylinder.

External Combustion Engine

Engine where fuel combustion occurs outside the working cylinder.

Heat Pump

Device that moves thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat transfer.

Renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources that are continuously available and will not run out, e.g., solar, wind, hydro.

Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources that are limited and irreplaceable, e.g., fossil fuels, nuclear.

Efficiency

Measurement of how effectively a machine converts energy input to useful energy output.

Cogeneration

Process of using wasted energy from one process to power a second process.

Photosynthesis

Process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Thermal Energy

Energy that comes from the temperature of matter, manifests in heat.

Mechanical Energy

The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy in a system.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Energy an object possesses due to its position in a gravitational field.

Kinetic Energy

Energy that an object has due to its motion.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds.

Efficiency Ratio

The ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, expressed as a percentage.

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

Concept that heat can be converted to mechanical energy and vice-versa.

Thermal Pollution

Degradation of water quality by temperature increase due to human activities.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases, such as carbon dioxide, that trap heat in the atmosphere.

Non-renewable Resources

Resources that are consumed faster than they can naturally replenish.

Environmental Pollution

The introduction of harmful materials into the environment.

Energy Crisis

A situation where the demand for energy exceeds the supply.

Sustainable Society

A society that meets present needs without compromising future generations.