AP European History FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Which three Italian cities flourished during the Italian Renaissance?

Florence, Venice, and Milan

Florence-

Italian city, center of Italian Renaissance; Its golden age was based on textile merchants and bankers.

Medici Family-

earned their wealth as bankers, dominated Florence's economy

Medieval Mindset v.s Renaissance Mindset.

Medieval: work for the glory of God and the church, spiritual values
Renaissance: work for personal glory, and t be remembered as an individual, material possesions

Describe humanist education during the Italian Renaissance.

Roman and Greek classics were studied to learn about human nature. Schools and academies taught Roman history, Greek philosophy, and Latin grammar and rhetoric. One would learn how to become eloquent and persuasive leaders and writers.

Baldassare Castiglione-

wrote "The Book of the Courtier" which taught young men and women how to become accomplished courtiers. He said one should be smart, witty, able to dance and write, well-educated, and charming, ect.

What did Castiglione say about women courtiers?

While the men should be charming and sharp, the women should merely inspire poetry and not create it. They shouldn't seek fame the way men did.

Machiavelli-

a Florence diplomat and political philosopher, considered the founder of modern political science, wrote " The Prince" to advise Italian rulers on the ruthless statecraft needed to unite Italy, said " The ends justify the means", generally had a pessimistic worldview

Patrons-

a person who supports artists, especially financially

True or False : Renaissance were independent contractors.

False: They received commissions from either the Catholic Church, guilds, and/or wealthy families.

Habsburg- Valois Wars-

King Charles VIIi of France invaded Italy with the goal of conquering Naples, sparked many conflicts

Perspective-

a geometric method of creating illusion of depth on a flat, two-dimensional surface, used by Renaissance painters

True or False: Renaissance artists refused to paint many religious symbols and abandoned Christian themes.

False: They did not fully abandon Christian themes, merely combined classical forms with Christian subjects

Name 4 Renaissance artists and their most famous work.

Brunelleschi - The Dome of the Florence Cathedral
Michelangelo - David ( sculpture ), and the Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Raphael - School of Athens
Piero della Francesca - Federico de Montefeltro

Christine de Pizan-

considered to be the first feminist, author, wrote and disproved masculine myths about women

Isabella d'Este-

most famous Renaissance woman, from the Ferrara family, collected famous artworks by Renaissance artists

Northern Humanists-

aka Christian humanists, gave humanism specifically Christian content, combine classical ideals with Christian morals

Erasmus-

most famous and influential humanist of the Northern Renaissance, wrote "Praise of Folly" ( satire ), devout Catholic

Thomas More-

leading humanist scholar in England, wrote "Utopia"

Michel de Montaigne-

Most influential writer of French Renaissance. Best known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. His writing features numerous vivid anecdotes, and a skeptical tone best illustrated by his famous question "What do I know?"

Johannes Gutenberg-

invented the first printing press with movable type

Name some of the things the printing press did during its time.

-promoted freedom of expression
-challenged the power of established authorities to control divergent views
-enabled monarchs to quickly spread their royal decree

Characteristics of Medieval Kings-

-received most of their income from their own estates
-marched to war followed by an army of vassals
-relied on nobles
-shared power with the Church

Characteristics of New Monarchs-

-retained their feudal income
-created professional armies
-more centralized administrative bureaucracy

Name three factors responsible for the rise of the new monarchs.

-Innovations in military weapons
- the growth of towns
-the development of a centralized administration

Charles VII-

- concluded the 100 years war (expelled the English from France)
- strengthened royal finances through land and salt taxes (taille and gabelle)
- ^^^^ remained the source of royal income for 3 centuries
- created first permanent royal army

Louis XI-

- enlarged royal army
- encouraged economic growth by promoting new industries (like silk weaving)

Francis I-

reached agreement called "Concordat of Bologna"

Concordat of Bologna-

authorized the kind to nominate bishops, abbots, and other high officials of the Catholic Church, gave French monarch administrative control over the Church

Henry VII-

created the Star Chamber, used justices of the peace to extend royal authority, encouraged the wool industry

Henry VIII-

declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England, dissolved the monasteries and confiscated their land and wealth, "Defender of the Faith"

Ferdinand and Isabella-

their marriage created a union of Spain, reduced the number of nobles on the royal council, completed the Reconquista, expelled all Jews and Muslims from Spain

95 Theses-

nailed to the Church doors of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517, it spread due to the printing presses ability to make many of them quickly

Name Martin Luther's key beliefs.

-Salvation is achieved by faith alone
-Bible is the only authority for a Christian
-The church consists of a priesthood of all believers
-All vocations ( jobs ) have equal merit

German Peasants War ( Name the causes and results )-

German peasants vs nobles
Causes: Nobles stealing village common land and charged people rent for it. So the peasants revolted
Results: Nobles won. German nobility was strengthened. Lutheranism became tied to the established German nobility

What was Luther's response to the Peasants' War?

He believed that Christians should obey their rulers no matter how unjust they were. He supported the nobles.

Peace of Ausburg-

ended German religious civil wars, gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his own state, did not provide recognition of Calvinists and other religious minorities

Key Calvinist Beliefs-

-God is perfect and humans are corrupt
-predestination
-those saved from sin are called the "elect" and their job was to glorify God

Describe the backstory of the city of Geneva.

Geneva was an town in Italy. They asked Calvin to turn them into the model Christian community. So, Calvin regulated ALL aspects of life their. He introduced a very high standard of morality and regular church attendance.

French Calvanists-

Huguenots

Act of Supremacy-

declared the English king to be the "Protector and Only Supreme Head of the church and the clergy"

Anabaptists-

Protestant sect, believed that only adult baptisms conformed to scripture, advocated for the separation of church and state, and rejected secular agreements ( like paying taxes taking civil oaths or holding public offices )

True or False: Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists all condemned Anabaptists

True: They all believed Anabaptists were radicals

Describe what Martin Luther believed about Protestant Art.

He believed that painting and sculpture should be used to spread the word of God. It could inspire illiterate worshipers. He wrote a hymn called " A Mighty Fortress Is Our God".

Describe what John Calvin believed about Protestant Art.

He favored simple church architecture, believed that big ornamental architecture would distract worshipers, thus diminishing their religious experience.

Council of Trent-

-reaffirmed Catholic Doctrines
-Reformed church abuses
-Reasserted traditional practices
-Resisted limiting papal authority

Ignatius Loyola-

founder of the Jesuits; wrote "The Spiritual Exercises"

Society of Jesus-

aka Jesuits, a spiritual army, emphasized iron discipline and absolute obedience

Name 4 Characteristics of Baroque Art-

-dramatic use of light and dark
-dramatic moments and intense emotion
-portrayal of everyday people
-large scale and ornate decorations

What were Philip II's goals for waging war?

- advance Spanish power in Europe
-champion Catholicism in Europe
-defeat the Ottoman Turks

Battle of Lepanto-

victory for Philip II, enhanced his prestige as a champion of Catholicism

Describe the defeat of Philip in the Netherlands.

He tried to push Catholicism there but the people revolted. He switched to a more diplomatic option and persuaded 10 of the 17 regions of the Netherlands to accept Catholicism. A truce was made, the 7 north regions gained independence while the 10 southern regions became known as the Spanish Netherlands.

Describe the defeat of Philip in England.

He tried to invade England with his infamous Spanish Armada. However, they never made it to England. They failed badly.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre-

Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots gathered in Paris, around 20,000 were killed.

Politiques-

put politics over religion, believed that the disorder and destruction had to be stopped or France would collapse

Edict of Nantes-

Henry IV granted the Huguenots a certain amount of religious toleration in this document, while becoming a Catholic himself to prevent further opposition, "Paris is worth a mass."

Name some of the Causes of the Thirty Years War.

-religious divisions
-political divisions
-international interference

Peace of Westphalia-

ended the Thirty Years' War, rulers were allowed to decide the religion in their own territories

Name some of the consequences of the Thirty Years' War.

-Calvinism officially recognized as a politically accepted faith
-decline of papal political influence
-ended the wars of religion
-devastated the German economy and slowed commercial growth
-left Germany fragmented
-weakened the Hapsburgs and kept the Holy Roman Empire weak and fragmented
-more complex armies and bureaucracies

Name some of the factors that contributed to European overseas exploration.

-The Renaissance spirit of individualism
-The search for spices and profit
-The desire to cultivate cash crops
-the desire to spread christianity
-the ability to use new technology

Prince Henry the Navigator-

organized voyages along the west coast of Africa, established trading posts along the West African coast

What were the most important Portuguese trading posts?

Goa ( Indian Coast ), Malacca ( Malay peninsula ), and Macao ( Southern China Coast )

Name some of the consequences of the Age of Exploration.

-ended the Venetian and Muslim monopoly on trade with Asia
-center of European commerce shifted from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic
-new sea routes lead to the importance of the Baltic Sea

Columbus-

discovered the Caribbean islands, helped propel Spain into the forefront of explortion

Name some of the products, animals, and diseases given to the New World via the Old World.

Products: potatoes, tomatoes corn, , peanuts, tobacco, vanilla, and chocolate
Animals: Turkeys
Diseases: syphillis

Name some of the products, animals, and diseases given to the Old World via the New World.

Products: coffee, cane sugar, wheat, and rice
Animals: cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens
Diseases: smallpox, measles, and diphtheria

Name some of the consequences of the Colombian Exchange.

-diseases decimated indigenous populations
-new crops revolutionized the European diet
-new wealth increased the power of European nations
-promotion of the slave trade

Name some of the causes of the Commercial Revolution-

-New ocean trade routes
-population growth
-price revolution
-new nation-centered economic system

Putting-out system-

provided cloth, looms, and other equipment to rural families, lead to a significant increase in the production of cloth and other manufactured goods.

Joint-stock companies-

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Mercantilism-

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Gentry-

wealthy landowning class in England

Which religion dominated most of the English population by the end of the 17th century ( 1600's)?

Calvanism

What was the role of the House of Commons?

determined to preserve traditional privileges, demanded a stronger voice in political affairs

Divine Right of Kings-

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

James I-

believed in divine right of kings; He was urged to purify the Church of England, but refused.

Charles I-

son of James I, believed in divine right of kings, agreed to the Petition of RIght, tried to basically change the Church of England into a Catholic Church without a pope but wound up getting in trouble with the Scots, forced to recall Parliament

Petition of RIght-

said that
-no one should pay any taxes without permission from Parliament
-no one should be imprisoned without due process of the law

English Civil War-

Cavaliers ( nobility and Anglican ) v.s Roundheads ( townspeople and Presbyterian ). Roundheads won, they were lead by Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell-

lead the Roundheads in the English Civil War, organized the New Model Army, executed King Charles

The Restoration-

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

Tories and Whigs-

the two political parties in Parliament during the Restoration. Tories had a stronger loyalty to the throne while the Whigs were more suspicious of Catholics

William and Mary of Orange-

invited to overthrow James II in the name of Protestantism, they accepted the Bill of Rights

Name some of the issues discussed in the Bill of Rights.

-taxation required Parliament's permission
-law making required Parliament's permission
-the monarch would not be a Roman Catholic
-frequent Parliament sessions
-no one could be arrested or tried without proper legal consent
-Parliament could only be dissolved by its own consent

Intendant system-

system used by French monarchy to limit power of the nobles

Fronde-

a series of rebellions intended to limit the monarchy and increase the nobility

Louis XVI-

most powerful monarch in French history, increased the power of intendants, revoked the Edict of Nantes

Jean Baptiste Colbert-

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

What were Louis XVI goals in his wars?

- expand France
-make France a global superpower

A Balance of Power-

a defensive strategy in which one very powerful nation is up against many other nations who are allied together. This makes it harder for the one powerful nation to fight the littler nations.

War of the Spanish Succession-

when Louis XVI's grandson gained the Spanish throne. Louis now had the ability to upset the balance of power. Countries formed the Grand Alliance and fought France.

Treaty of Utrecht-

-created a new balance of power that lasted for 30 years
-England gained French colonies, Spanish naval bases and Spanish slaves
-Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardina
-The Duke of Savoy received Sicily and the title of king
-The Elector of Brandenburg was recognized as the King of Prussia

Summarie the decline of Spanish Power after the War of Spanish Succession.

There was inflation -\> bad economy. Costly wars -\> hurt economy. Weak rulers -\> weak country -\> weak army -\> more military defeats.

Which 3 countries began to decline in the mid 1600's?

Holy Roman Empire ( politically and religiously divided as well as a weak emperor who had no real power) , Republic of Poland ( a king with restricted power, and lack of centralized power ), and the Ottoman Empire ( loss in battle against Vienna ).The

The Pragmatic Sanction-

Charles VI's attempt to guarantee that his daughter could inherit Habsburg lands without a challenge

Frederick William-

The "Great Elector" who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society.

Describe Russia before Peter the Great.

Geographically and culturally isolated from the rest of the world.

Peter the Great-

-westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army
- improved Russian agriculture by introducing the potato, imported skilled workers
-got land on the Baltic sea, and controlled the boyars ( old Russian nobility ).
-built St. Petersburg

Nicolaus Copernicus-

heliocentric view, formulated the three laws of planetary motion

Galileo Galilei-

his discoveries provided irrefutable support for the heliocentric view