Chapter 15: The Respiratory System

What is respiration?

Process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction.

What are the secondary functions of respiration?

Voice production, body temperature regulation (panting), acid-base balance regulation, and sense of smell.

What is the normal blood pH level? The range?

7.4; (7.35-7.45)

What are the two steps of respiration?

Inhale and exhale.

Where does inhalation occur?

In the lungs.

Where does exhalation occur?

All over the body.

Where does voice production begin?

The larynx.

What is another name for vocal chords?

Vocal folds.

What can panting due for the body in regards to temperature regulation?

Increases evaporation of fluids to cool circulating blood (cools them down).

The higher the CO₂ , the ______ the blood pH.

Lower.

What is it called when the blood pH is below 7?

Acidic.

What is it called when the blood pH levels are above 7?

Alkaline.

Where is the olfactory sense located?

Located high in nasal passages.

What are the 5 structures of the upper respiratory system?

Nares, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

The turbinates divide each nasal passage into 3 main passageways. What are they called?

Ventral nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, and dorsal nasal meatus.

All of the following are functions of the nasal passages except…?

Cooling.

What are ciliated out-pouchings of the nasal passages?

The sinuses.

How many sinuses do dogs have? What are they?

2, Frontal and Maxillary sinuses.

What is the rostral end of the pharynx divided by?

By the soft palate into the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

What connects the pharynx with the trachea?

Larynx.

What can happen when the respiratory and digestive cross each other?

It can cause aspiration.

What covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?

Epiglottis.

What are false vocal chords?

Vestibular folds.

What is the trachea?

It extends from the larynx into the thorax where it divides.

What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

The autonomic nervous system controls bronchoconstriction (exhale) as well as what?

Bronchodilation (inhale).

What are alveoli?

Tiny, thin-walled sacs surrounded by capillaries.

What kind of respiration occurs in the alveoli?

External.

Where do the baselines of the lungs lie?

Directly on cranial surface of diaphragm.

What is the area on the medial side of the lungs where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lungs?

Hilus.

What forms the caudal boundary of the thorax?

Diaphragm.

What flattens when muscles contract and enlarges volume of thorax?

Diaphragm.

The negative intrathoracic pressure helps with what?

Return of blood to the hear and respiration.

The chest must always be at ________ pressure, allowing the lungs to inflate to full max).

Negative.

What is inhalation?

Process of drawing air into the lungs.

What are the main muscles for inspiration?

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

What is expiration?

Process of pushing air out of the lungs.

What are the main expiratory muscles?

Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles.

What are the standardized terms for describing quantity of air involved in respiration?

Tidal, Minute, and Residual volume.

Inhaled air: High O₂ , _____ CO₂ .

Low.

Exhaled air: Low O₂ , _____ CO_2.

High.

How is breathing controlled?

Medulla oblongata.

What breathing control system operates through stretch receptors in the lungs?

Mechanical.

What makes adjustments to maintain homeostasis?

Chemical control system.

The chemical receptors that control breathing are located in the brain stem, the carotid artery, and the _______?

Aorta.

What are two ways to distinguish lung lobes?

Visible graves and clefts and major branches of bronchi.