Grade 11 Biology Exam Review: Cell Organelles

Cell Membrane

Separates the inside of the cell from the external environment

Controls flow of materials into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

Includes the cytosol the organelles, and other life-supporting materials such as sugar and water, contained by cell membrane

Chemical reactions

Nucleus

Controls all cell activities

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds genetic material

Nuclear Pores

Allows material to move in and out of nucleus

Nucleolus

Specialized area of chromatin inside nucleus responsible for making ribosomes that make proteins

Ribosomes

Help produce proteins (polypeptides) which make up much of a cell's structure and are required for activities necessary for the cell's survival

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cells, connected to the nucleus

Rough ER

Attached to ribosomes

Smooth ER

No ribosomes attached

Mitochondrion

Membrane bound structure with inner folds called cristae

Energy released from glucose to fuel cell activities

-Has own DNA, makes copies of cell

-Provides cells with energy

-Breaks down carbohydrates

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell

Lysosome

A membrane bound vesicle filled with digestive enzymes that break down lipids and toxic waste products like alcohol

Peroxisome

A membrane bound vesicle filled with enzymes that convert fatty acids in seeds to sugars (usable food source), helps fix CO2 in carbohydrates in photosynthesis

Vacuole

Contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules

Animal cells may have several small vacuoles

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibres, filaments, tubules, that provide framework for the cell, helping it maintain its structure and providing tracks along which vesicles and organelles can move

Centrosome

Animal cells only

Microtubules in ring structure than forms spindle fibres during cell division

Cilia

Animal cells only

Arrangement of many short microtubules that form short hair-like projection that functions in cell movement and particle manipulation with other cilia

Flagella

Animal cells only

Arrangement of 1-2 long microtubules that form long hair-like projection from membrane that propels cell forward in whip like motion

Cell Wall

Plant cells only

Tough rigid structure lying outside of plant cell membrane, support, strength/rigidity

Made of cellulose fibres

Plasmodesmata: allows movement between cells

Central Vacuole

Very large membrane-bound fluid filled storage sac that gives added internal support to plant cells and contain toxic molecules along with storage molecules

Plastids

Enclosed within double membrane contain stacked internal membrane sacs and have ability to perform photosynthesis

Exposed to light= collect energy from light

Storage for starches, lipids, proteins