APUSH Periods 1 and 2

Maize

A crop that allowed for population growth and settlement due to its nutritional value.

Algonquian and Diouan

Large language families used by indigenous peoples in the Americas.

Southwest Settlements

Location where many societies developed, such as the Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos.

Loghouses

Common types of home in the Mississippi River Valley where those who shared maternal lineage lived.

Iroquois Confederation

Political union that fought against other tribes and Europeans.

Gunpowder, Sailing Compass, Printing Press

Technologies that were expanded upon and improved during the Renaissance.

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

Spanish rulers who facilitated the Christian reconquest of Spain and funded Columbus’s voyages.

Prince Henry the Navigator

European who opened route around the Cape of Good Hope (Africa) which shortened trade routes to Asia.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal which allowed Brazil to fall under Portuguese control and the rest of the Americas to be subject to Spanish colonization.

Roanoke Island

An attempted colonial settlement founded by Walter Raleigh.

Hernán Cortex

Spaniard who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

Spaniard who conquered the Incas in Peru.

Middle Passae

The journey between Africa and the Americas in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.

Bortolemé de las Casas

a Spanish priest who advocated for the better treatment of Native Americans. He strongly supported the New Laws of 1542.

Valladolid Debate

The debate over the role of Native Americans in Spanish Colonies.

Juan Ginés de Sepútuveda

Believe that Native Americans were less than human and therefor should not be treated as such within Spanish Colonies.

New Laws of 1542

Policy in the Spanish Colonies that ended indigenous slavery and stopped the encomienda system briefly before it was repealed.

Spanish Colonies

Florida, New Mexico, Arizona, and California

John Cabot

An English explorer of the 16th century.

Royal Colony

Under direct authority of the King’s government, such as Virginia.

Corporate Colony

Operated by joint stock companies. Jamestown.

Proprietary Colonies

Under authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

Virginia Company

Joint stock company that founded Jamestown and operated it.

John Smith

Captain who ruled Jamestown for the first five years. Jo

John Rolfe

Made tobacco a profitable crop in Jamestown. Pocahontas’s love interest.

Pilgrims

Radical dissenters who arrived on the Maflower and founded Plymouth Colony.

Puritans

Moderate dissenters led by John Winthrop to Massachusetts Bay.

The Great Migration

15,000 settles came to Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s

Cecil Calvert

The 2nd Lord Baltimore of Maryland who implemented a plan to make the colony a Catholic safehaven.

Act of Toleration

First colony statue to grant religious freedom to all Christians (Maryland)

Protestant Revolt

Led to the repeal of the Acts of Toleration in the late 1600s.

Roger Williams

Founded community of Province where he led the first Baptist church south of Boston.

Anne Hutcherson

Believed in antinomianism (individuals do not need to follow moral laws since they will find salvation through faith regardless) and founded Portsmouth.

Thomas Hooker, Reverend

Let Boston puritans to Hartford and wrote the first written constitution in America, the Fundamental Orders of Conneticut

Restoration Colonies

Formed during the Restoration in the late 1600s, consisted of the Carolinas.

Frame of Government

Used in Pennsylvania, guaranteed representative assembly and written constitution.

Charter of Liberties

Pennsylvania, freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.

James Oglethorpe

Led a charter, imposed strict rules to thrive in Georgia

Representative Assembly in Virginia

Settlement encouraged by guaranteeing representation in lawmaking

Representative Government in New England

Followed the Mayflower Compact, communities held meetings and elected members to colonial legislatures.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that a country’s wealth in determined by how much more they export than import.

Navigation Acts (1650-1673)

English implemented rules on the colonies that restricted their trade, limited economic development in the colonies during this time.

Salutary Neglect

England was lax in enforcing regulations.

King James 2

Became monarch in 1685, combined colonies into larger administrative units like the Dominion of New England under Sir Edmund Andros.

The Glorious Revolution

Movement that replaced King James 2 with William and Mary, removed administration on colonies implemented by the former monarch.

New England Confederation

A military alliance formed between the four colonies for mutual protection.

Metacom’s War

Native tribes united against the colonies before they were defeated. This was the effective end of native resistence.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A rebellion against Sir William Berkely, the royal governor of Virginia, led by small, western farmers whom he had been antagonizing with his policies.

Pueblo Revolt

Various tribes removed Spain from their land for a majority of the late 17th century. Led to the transition to slavery from indentured servitude.

Virginia Company

Offered land to those who brought indentured servants to the colonies (Headright System).

The Great Awakening

A movement of fervent expressions of religious freedom among the masses.

Jonathan Edwards, Reverend

Presented God as an angry being whose wrath could be avoided by repentance, he delivered this message across the colonies.

George Whitefield

Spread teh Great Awakening, portrayed God as all powerful and exclusively saved those who professed their belief.