Chapter 13-15 A/B ID's

corrupt bargain

corrupt bargain

A Sentence: A controversial political agreement made in 1824 between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, where Clay allegedly used his influence as Speaker of the House to secure Adam’s presidency over Andrew Jackson despite Jackson winning the popular vote, leading to allegations of political manipulation.
B Sentence: This event significantly impacted U.S. politics by deepening divisions within the Democratic-Republican Party, ultimately contributing to the emergence of the modern two-party system and setting the stage for Jackson’s populist movement.

Samuel Slater

A Sentence: An English-American industrialist known as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution” for bringing textile manufacturing technology to the United Stated in the late 18th century by establishing the first successful water-powered cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793.

B Sentence: Slater’s innovations significantly transformed the American economy, marking the beginning of the shift from agrarian to industrial society, and laid the groundwork for the growth of the textile industry and factory system that had already been happening in Europe.

The Age of Reason

A Sentence: A book written by Thomas Paine in the late 18th century that argues for reason and scientific thought over religious beliefs, promoting deism as a rational faith.

B Sentence: Challenged traditional religious views and encouraged people to think critically about religion, influencing the development of secular thought and the separation of church and state in America.

Samuel Swartwout

A Sentence: A 19th century American politician and the first Collector of the Port of New York, who allegedly, in 1841, embezzled more than $1 million from the U.S Treasury, leading to a major financial scandal during President Martin Van Buren’s administration.

B Sentence: Swartwout’s actions significantly undermined public trust in government financial institutions and highlighted the need for reform, influencing subsequent policies aimed at improving fiscal accountability and oversight in the federal government.

Cyrus McCormick

A Sentence: An American inventor and entrepreneur who developed the mechanical reaper in 1831, revolutionizing agricultural productivity by significantly increasing the efficiency of harvesting grain.

B Sentence: McCormick’s invention had an impact on American agriculture, facilitating the expansion of farming in the Midwest and contributing to the growth of the agrarian economy, which helped establish the United States as a major agricultural power

Peter Cartwright

A Sentence: A well-known American Methodist preacher in the 19th century who played a key role in the Second Great Awakening, traveling across the country to spread his religious message.

B Sentence: Cartwright's energetic preaching style and commitment to revivals helped bring many people to Christianity and strengthened the Methodist Church in America.

Tariff of Abominations

A Sentence: Enacted in 1828, this was a highly protective tariff imposed by the U.S. Congress that raised duties on imported goods, provoking strong opposition from Southern states who viewed it as economically detrimental and unfairly benefited Northern industries. Double whammy 

B Sentence: This tariff escalated regional tensions, contributing to the Nullification Crisis and foreshadowing the deeper conflicts over states’ rights and federal authority that would eventually lead to the Civil War.

Robert Fulton

A Sentence: An American engineer and inventor best known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont, which began operation on the Hudson river in 1807, transforming transportation and trade.

B Sentence: Fulton’s innovations impacted the U.S. economy by facilitating faster and more efficient movement of goods and people, paving the way for the expansion of trade and commerce along America’s rivers and contributing to the nation’s industrial growth

Charles G. Finney

A Sentence: An important preacher in the early 1800s who helped start the Second Great Awakening in America, encouraging people to focus on personal faith and social change.

B Sentence: Finney's new methods of preaching and emphasis on doing good helped change American religion and inspired movements for ending slavery and promoting women's rights.

Denmark Vesey

A Sentence: An enslaved African American who, after purchasing his freedom in 1800, planned a major slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822, intending to lead enslaved individuals to revolt against their oppressors.

B Sentence: Vessey’s rebellion heightened fears of slave uprisings among Southern slaveholders, leading to stricter slave codes and increased oppression, while also inspiring abolitionist movements in the North.

Samuel F. B. Morse

A Sentence: An American inventor and artist who co-developed the electric telegraph and Morse code in the 1830s, revolutionizing long-distance communication by enabling messages to be sent quickly over wires.

B Sentence: Morse’s innovations transformed the landscape of communication in the
United States, facilitating rapid information exchange and contributing to the growth of industries and the expansion of the American economy.

Brigham Young

This eloquent preacher saved the Mormon faith in the mid-1840s after the murder of Joseph Smith and though he only received 11 days of formal schooling, he was a great leader and administrator. Young was significant because he made the Morom community become a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth.

The SC Exposition

A Sentence: A pamphlet published in 1828 by John C. Calhoun that denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional.

B Sentence: The SC Exposition is significant because it championed the idea of nullification where states have the right to reject federal law which went against the federal government.

Cotton gin

A Sentence: Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, this was a mechanical device that quickly separated cotton fibers from their seeds, dramatically increasing the efficiency of cotton processing in the Southern United States

B Sentence: This invention boosted the cotton industry, leading to the rapid expansion of cotton plantations and intensifying the reliance on slave labor, which had profound social and economic implications for the South and contributed to sectional tensions in the lead-up to the Civil War.

Horace Mann

This American educator was the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and he campaigned effectively for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum in the mid 19th century. He was significant because his influence radiated to other states and impressive improvements were made, much of his legacy was carried out by Noah Webster.

Trail of Tears

A Sentence: The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation and other Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma, occuring between 1830 and 1850 under the Indian Removal Act signed by President Andrew Johnson.

B Sentence: This event had a profound impact in Native American communities, resulting in the death of thousands and serving as a stark example of the U.S. government’s policies of displacement and oppression, which continue to resonate in discussions of indigenous rights today.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

A Sentence: A landmark Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court case in 1842 that ruled that labor unions were legal and that their activities, such as strikes, were not inherently criminal as long as they did not involve illegal actions.

B Sentence: This ruling marked an advancement for the labor movement in the United States, affirming the right to organize and strike, and laid the groundwork for future labor rights and the recognition of workers’ associations.

Dorothea Dix

A Sentence: An American social reformer and activist in the 19th century, known for her tireless advocacy for the mentally ill and her efforts to improve conditions in asylums across the United States.

B Sentence: dix’s groundbreaking work transformed the treatment of the mentally ill, leading to the establishemnt of more humane psychiatric institutions and raising public awareness about mental health issues, which laid the foundation for future reforms in mental health care.

Worcester v. Georgia

A Sentence:  A landmark Supreme Court case in 1832 in which the Court ruled that the state of Georgia could not impose its laws within Cherokee territory, recognizing the sovereignty of Native American nations and affirming that only the federal government had the authority to regulate their affairs.

B Sentence: This decision highlighted the tensions between state and federal authority over Native American lands, though it was largely ignored by the state of Georgia and the Jackson administration, setting a precent for the ongoing struggle for Native American rights and sovereignty in U.S. law.

Tammany Hall

A Sentence: A powerful political machine in New York City, established in the late 18th century, known for its influence over the Democratic party and its role in local politics, particularly during the 19th century under leaders like William M. Tweed.

B Sentence: Tammany Hall’s activities highlighted the complexities of urban politics and corruption in America, serving as a symbol of the challenge of political reform and the interplay between politics and immigration during a time of rapid urbanization.

Neil S. Dow

A Sentence: An American politician and temperance reformer in the 19th century, known as “The Father of Prohibition,” who served as the mayor of Portland, Maine, and championed the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the sale of alcohol.

B Sentence: Dow’s advocacy for prohibition had a lasting impact on the temperance movemnt in the United States, inspiring similar laws in other states and contributing to the broader national discourse on alcohol regulation, which ultimately culminated in the nationwide prohibition era of the 1920s.

Black Hawk

A Sentence: A Sauk leader who, in 1832, led a resistance against the U.S. government’s forced removal of Native Americans from their lands in Illinois and Wisconsin, culminating in the Black Hawk 

B Sentence: His resistance highlighted the struggles of Native Americans against displacement and the U.S. government’s policies, serving as a catalyst for increased military intervention and the further marginalization of Native American tribes in the Midwest.

Eli Whitney

This mechanical genius graduated from Yale and built a crude machine called the cotten gin in the late 18th century that was 50 times more effective than the handpicking process. Significant because the gin affected on only the history of America, but that of the world; almost overnight the raising of cotton became highly profitable and the South was tied hand and foot to the throne of King Cotton

Susan B. Anthony

A Sentence: An American suffragist and social reformer active in the 19th century, primarily in New York, who played a crucial role in the women’s rights movement, advocating for women’s rigths to vote and equal rights.

B Sentence: Anthony’s tireless activism and leadership in the suffrage movement significantly advances the cause of women’s rights in the United States laying the groundwork for the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote

Nicholas Biddle

A Sentence: An American financier and the president of the Second Bank of the United States from 1823 to 1839, known for his efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy and his conflict with President Andrew Jackson over the bank’s charter and its influence on monetary policy.

B Sentence: Biddle’s actions and the subsequent dissolution of the Second Bank played a crucial role in the financial instability of the late 1830s, shaping the evolution of American banking and contributing to the rise of populist sentiment against elite financial institutions.

Elias Howe

This mechanic created the sewing machine in the mid 19th century and created a larger foundation of the clothing industry that took root about the time of the Civil War. Significant because the sewing machine gave a strong boost to northern industrialization and it drove many seamstresses from the shelter of the private home to the factory.

Oneida Community

A Sentence: A religious and social utopian society founded in 1848 in Oneida, New York, by John Humphrey Noyes, advocating for communal living, shared property, and complex marriage.

B Sentence: The Oneida Community’s radical social practices challenged traditional family and gender roles in 19th-century America, contributing to broader discussions about gender equality and communalism that would influence future social movements.

Biddle's Panic

A Sentence: A financial crisis in 1837 instigated by Niocholas Biddle, president of the Second Bank of the United States, who attempted to stabilize the economy by tightening credit in response to Andrew Jackson’s dismantling of the bank, leading to a severe economic downturn.

B Sentence: The panic had severe repercussions on the U.S. economy, contributing to a nationwide recession that intensified public distrust of banks and federal financial institutions, ultimately influencing the rise of populist movements and changes in American banking practices.

Dewitt Clinton

This governor of New York promoted the idea of the Erie Canal in the late 18th century which overall connect the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and promoted an increase of trade and manufacturing in New York. Significant because it reduced the cost of shipping from $100 to $5 and the time fo transit from 26 days to 6, the value of land skyrocketed and new cities blossomed; overall the industry in the state boomed.

John J. Audubon

A Sentence: A renowned American orthinologist and painter in the early 19th century, best known for his extensive studies and detailed illustrations of North American birds, documented in his seminal work, “the Birds of America.”

B Sentence: Audubon’s meticulous documentation and artistic representation of birds significantlyadvanced the field of natural history, inspiring a greater appreciation for wildlife conservation and influencing American environmental movements for years to come.

John Decree

This Illinois inventor created the steel plow in 1837 that played a large role in breaking the virgin soil in the West. Significant because the steel plow made it possible for farmers to get into the thickly matter soil of the West and the tool was effective and was even light enough to be pulled by horses.

Washington Irving

A Sentence: An American author and diplomat who lived in the early 19th century, primarily in New York, and is celebrated for his short stories, including “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle,” which explore themes of American culture and identity.

B Sentence: Irving’s work was significant in establishing a distinct American literary tradition, helping to foster a sense of national identitiy in the early United States and paving the way for future writers in the burgeoning American scene.

Hudson River School

A Sentence: A mid-19th century American art movement characterized by a group of landscape painters who celebrated the beauty of the Hudson River Valley and other natural scenes, emphasizing the relationship between nature and American identity.

B Sentence: The Hudson River Valley school influenced American art by promoting the idea of nature as a source of inspiration and spirituality, reinforicing themes of nationalism and environmental appreciation during a period of rapid industrialization in the United States.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A Sentence: A prominent American philosopher and writer who lived in the 19th century in Concord, Massachusetts, and is best known for his essays and lectures that championed transcendentalism and individualism.

B Sentence: Emerson’s ideas on self-reliance and the importance of nature significantly influenced American thought and literature, fostering a spirit of independence and intellectual freedom that resonated throughout the nation, particularly during the antebellum period.

Henry W. Longfellow

A Sentence: An American poet and educator active in the 19th century who lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is best known for works like “Paul Revere’s ride,” which reflect his interest in American history and folklore.

B Sentence: Longfellow’s poetry played a crucial role in shaping a national identity during a time of social change, as his accessible verse inspired a sense of unity and patriotism in the United States, particularly during the Civil War era.

Edgar Allen Poe

A Sentence: An American writer and poet, active in the early to mid 19th century, best known for his macabre tales and poems, including “The Raven” and “The Tell-Tale Heart,” which explores the themes of death, madness, and the supernatural.

B Sentence: Poe’s innovative literature, particularly in the genres of horror and detective fiction, influencing American literature and established him as a major figure in the development of Gothic literature and modern literary criticism

George Bancroft

A Sentence: An American historian and politican, known for his role as a key figure in the development of American history as a discipline, particularly through his multivolume work “History of the United States,” published from 1834 to 1874

B Sentence: Bancroft’s writings significantly shaped the perception of American history and nationalism in the 19th century, influencing both academic thought and public opinion about the nation’s past and its ideals.