Ap Psych 5

Health Psychology

Focuses on how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Studies the interaction between the nervous system, immune system, and psychological factors.

Stress

A psychological and physical response to perceived challenges or threats.

Approach Motives

Motivations driven by desire for positive outcomes.

Avoidance Motives

Motivations driven by fear of negative outcomes.

Kurt Lewin

A psychologist known for his work on social psychology and field theory, particularly regarding group dynamics and motivation.

Hans Selye

Psychologist known for developing the General Adaptation Syndrome theory of stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The body's three-phase response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Tend-and-Befriend Response

A stress response, especially in women, involving nurturing and seeking social support.

Coronary Heart Disease

A condition where plaque builds up in the arteries, leading to heart problems, often related to stress.

Type A Personality

A personality type characterized by high ambition, competitiveness, and a sense of urgency.

Type B Personality

A more relaxed, calm, and less competitive personality type.

Catharsis

The process of releasing and thereby providing relief from strong or repressed emotions.

Coping

The strategies used to manage stress and difficult emotions.

Problem-Focused Coping

Addressing the root causes of stress through active problem-solving.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Managing emotional responses to stress rather than solving the problem itself.

Personal Control

The belief in one's ability to influence events in their life.

Learned Helplessness

The feeling of powerlessness that results from repeated failures.

External Locus of Control

Belief that external factors, like fate or others' actions, control one's life.

Internal Locus of Control

Belief that one controls their own fate through their actions.

Self-Control

The ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in the face of temptations and impulses.

Martin Seligman

Psychologist known for his work on learned helplessness and positive psychology.

Positive Psychology

Focuses on strengths, virtues, and factors that contribute to human flourishing and happiness.

Subjective Well-Being

An individual's self-perception of happiness or life satisfaction.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

The tendency for people to do good deeds when they are feeling happy.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

The tendency to judge experiences relative to our past experiences, adjusting expectations over time.

Relative Deprivation

Feeling worse off compared to others, leading to dissatisfaction.

Broaden-and-Build Theory

Theory suggesting that positive emotions broaden one's thinking and help build resources for coping with future challenges.

Character Strengths and Virtues

Positive traits that contribute to flourishing, such as courage, kindness, and fairness.

Resilience

The ability to recover or bounce back from adversity.

Aerobic Exercise

Physical activity that increases heart rate and improves cardiovascular health.

Mindfulness Meditation

A practice focused on staying present and aware of the current moment to reduce stress.

Gratitude

A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation for the positive aspects of life.

Psychological Disorder

A condition characterized by significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that impair functioning.

Medical Model

The view that psychological disorders are diseases with biological causes that can be diagnosed and treated.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Suggests that psychological disorders develop from the interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental stress.

Epigenetics

The study of changes in gene expression influenced by environmental factors.

DSM-5-TR

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, used to diagnose mental health disorders.

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders marked by excessive fear or anxiety, such as generalized anxiety or panic disorder.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent and excessive worry about various life events or activities.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of future attacks.

Agoraphobia

Fear of being in places where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoidance of public places.

Specific Phobia

A marked and persistent fear of a specific object or situation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder marked by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Hoarding Disorder

Difficulty discarding possessions due to emotional attachment, leading to clutter and distress.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder triggered by a traumatic event, causing flashbacks, nightmares, and emotional numbness.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Disorders caused by exposure to stress or traumatic events.

Depressive Disorders

Disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.

Bipolar Disorders

Mood disorders involving extreme mood swings, including manic and depressive episodes.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years.

Bipolar I Disorder

A type of bipolar disorder involving manic episodes that last at least seven days or require hospitalization.

Mania

A state of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity levels, often seen in bipolar I disorder.

Bipolar II Disorder

A type of bipolar disorder marked by hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Rumination

Repeatedly focusing on negative thoughts or emotions, often exacerbating depression.

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

A range of disorders involving distorted thinking, perception, and emotions, including schizophrenia.

Psychotic Disorders

Disorders characterized by a loss of contact with reality, such as hallucinations or delusions.

Delusion

A false belief that is strongly held despite evidence to the contrary.

Chronic Schizophrenia

A long-term form of schizophrenia marked by persistent symptoms and functional impairment.

Acute Schizophrenia

A form of schizophrenia with sudden onset, often accompanied by more intense symptoms.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders involving a disruption in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, or identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A disorder where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Dissociative Amnesia

A loss of memory about important personal information, often due to trauma or stress.

Personality Disorders

Disorders marked by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from the norm.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by disregard for others' rights and a lack of empathy.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Disorders related to unhealthy eating patterns, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake and a distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders that involve developmental issues in the brain, such as autism and ADHD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder characterized by social communication difficulties and repetitive behaviors.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A disorder marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Dorothea Dix

A social reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of people with mental illnesses.

Deinstitutionalization

The process of reducing the population of mental institutions by providing treatment in community-based settings.

Psychotherapy

A treatment for psychological disorders through communication between a therapist and patient.

Biomedical Therapy

Treatment of psychological disorders through medications or medical procedures.

Eclectic Approach

A therapeutic approach that combines different techniques and perspectives to best address the patient's needs.

Sigmund Freud

The founder of psychoanalysis, focusing on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.

Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic approach that aims to uncover unconscious conflicts and repressed memories through techniques like free association.

Resistance

The unconscious defense mechanisms used by clients to avoid confronting painful or uncomfortable thoughts during therapy.

Interpretation

The therapist's explanation of the meaning behind a patient's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Transference

When a patient projects feelings or attitudes from past relationships onto the therapist.

Psychodynamic Therapy

A form of therapy based on psychoanalysis that focuses on unconscious processes and early life experiences.

Insight Therapies

Therapies that aim to help individuals gain an understanding of their psychological issues and gain self-awareness.

Person-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

Carl Rogers

A humanistic psychologist known for developing client-centered therapy.

Active Listening

A technique in which the therapist listens attentively and reflects back what the client says.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting and supporting a person regardless of their behavior, a core concept in person-centered therapy.

Behavior Therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing maladaptive behaviors through learning techniques.

Counterconditioning

A process of replacing an undesirable response with a desirable one, used in behavior therapy.

Mary Cover Jones

A behaviorist known for her work in counterconditioning, particularly in reducing fear in children.

Joseph Wolpe

A psychologist known for developing systematic desensitization, a method of treating phobias.

Exposure Therapies

A group of therapies designed to reduce anxiety by exposing individuals to feared objects or situations.

Systematic Desensitization

A form of exposure therapy that gradually exposes individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching relaxation techniques.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

A type of exposure therapy using virtual reality to simulate feared situations.

Aversive Conditioning

A behavioral therapy that uses unpleasant stimuli to discourage unwanted behaviors.

B. F. Skinner

A behaviorist who developed operant conditioning theory, focusing on reinforcement and punishment.

Token Economy

A system where individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards.

Cognitive Therapy

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing negative thought patterns to improve mood and behavior.

Albert Ellis

Psychologist who developed Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which focuses on changing irrational beliefs.