AP Euro: The New Imperialism Quiz Review

goals of the global economic system

gains from trade, technology, and migration alllllll to the West!

railroads in Latin America, Asia, & Africa

linked seaports with resource-rich inland cities and regions, as opposed to connecting developing cities and regions

flow of goods around the globe (19th century)

Western nations imported raw materials and exported to each other

largest share of European foreign investment

3/4 went to other European countries or neo-Europes (settler colonies)

role of opium in the opening of China

British smuggled Indian opium into China → Opium Wars!

Britain's decisive advantage during the Opium Wars

troops from India + control of the seas

Treaty of Nanking (1842)

ended the first Opium War - cede Hong Kong to Britain, pay $100 million, open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade + low tariffs

khedive

Egyptian prince

Muhammad Ali & the Egyptian army

drafted illiterate peasant masses, hired French & Italian army officers to teach modern military methods

Muhammad Ali & the funding of the modernization of Egyptian society

commercial agriculture! carved large private landholdings from state land and forced peasants to grow cash crops (cotton, rice)

Ismail & the transformation of Egypt (19th century)

irrigation networks (for cotton!), Suez Canal, Arabic as national language, but also high debts eventually led to Britain taking control of Egypt...

typical European immigrant

energetic small farmer or artisan trying to stay ahead of poverty

Jewish immigrants (19th century)

unlikely to return to native lands due to discrimination

population and emigration in 19th century Europe

population and emigration both went up

pattern of migration out of Europe (19th century)

moved but usually stayed in Europe

primary factor influencing whether European immigrants returned to their native lands

industrialization and/or revolutionary spirit

goal of the new imperialism (late 19th century)

territory!

extent of new imperialism economic gains

new colonies were too poor to buy much and offered few immediately profitable investments

Great Britain seizes land in Africa and Asia!

Suez Canal + all other reasons for imperialism (nationalism, social Darwinism, new tech, social tensions, special interest groups, civilizing mission)

Heinrich von Treitschke

influential nationalist historian of Germany - power!!! (reflected nationalism and Social Darwinian theories)

empire to ease social tensions/domestic political conflicts

conservative political leaders diverted popular attention away from the class struggle at home + created a false sense of national unity (national necessity!!!)

Vladimir Lenin's opinion regarding new imperialism

Russian Marxist - the onset of imperialism signified the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society

technological innovations allowing Europe to pursue empire in Africa

Maxim machine gun, quinine (controlled malaria), steamship + international telegraph

Union of South Africa

largely self-governing (not like the other colonies)

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

European claims to African territory had to rest on effective occupation (a strong presence on the ground) to be recognized

result of the Berlin Conference

no one European power could claim the entire continent (also Leopold of Belgium got the Congo) (agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade in Africa)

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden"

"superior" whites should impart their knowledge onto supposedly less advanced peoples - "justification" for imperialism

orientalism

fascination and often racist Western understandings of non-Westerners (originally used to refer to Arabs but is often used more broadly to refer to all peoples)

foreign aggression in China after 1860 til the end of the century

diminished as Europeans had achieved their primary goal of establishing commercial/diplomatic relations

Boxer Rebellion

Boxers murdered 200+ foreign missionaries and several thousand Chinese Christians → international force of 20k soldiers swoops in → long list of penalties for China

opening of Japan to Western trade

gunboat "diplomacy" by the US

Meiji Restoration

patriotic samurai restore power to the empire - reform Japan along modern lines! (abolished feudalism, free/competitive economy, Western science, imperialism, but always power to the state via military)

Japanese imperialism

opened Korea w/ gunboat diplomacy, defeated China in a war over Korea, took Formosa (modern-day Taiwan), defeated Russia for Manchuria

belief driving native opposition to colonial rule

independence + liberalism! + nationalism

British women and British colonialism in India

promoted education and legislation for Indian women

Indian National Congress

predominately Hindu, demanded equality and self-gov for India