IB Biology HL - Unit One

Nucleic Acid MONOMER

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid POLYMER

POLYnucleotide

Carbohydrate MONOMER

Monosaccharide

Carbohydrate POLYMER

POLYsaccharide

Protein MONOMER

Amino Acids

Protein POLYMER

POLYpeptide

Lipid Monomer/Polymer

none

LUCA Evidense

1: Highly conserved genes

2: Universal genetic code

Complimentary Base Pairing

Bonds between base pairs (HYDROGEN)

Anabolic Pathways

Condensation/BUILD

Catabolic Pathways

Hydrolysis/BREAK

Uracil in RNA replaces _______ in DNA

Thymine

What types of bonds are phosphodiester bonds?

Covalent

Nucleic Acid Backbone

Nucleic acids are composed of a backbone of sugar molecules and phosphate groups. The nitrogen bases are attached to the sugars.

What did the Miller-Urey experiment produce?

Simple organic molecules: amino acids and complex oily hydrocarbons

What were the conditions of the Miller-Urey experiment?

Low oxygen atmosphere with high radiation levels, high temperatures and electrical storms.

Hershey and Chase Experiment

DNA=Phosphate, Protein=Sulphate, found DNA is genetic material.

Centrioles are in…

Animal cells, produce cillia and flagella

Do phloem sieve tube cells have a nucleus?

NO. Lack most organelles so they can carry sugar.

Do skeletal muscle cells have a nucleus?

YES. Large cells.

Cell WALL vs. MEMBRANE

Wall on inside, larger membrane on outside.

Plant vs Animal cell

Animal cells DO NOT have a cell membrane

What do ALL CELLS have?

1. plasma membrane

2. cytoplasm

3. ribosomes

4. DNA

Cell/Virus size

Cell: 100um

Virus: 100nm

Chloroplast and Mitocondria common proof

They have their own DNA and can synthesise some of their own proteins independently of the rest of the cell.

Vacuoles

remove exess water & waste

Golgi Apparatus

Package, sort, and process proteins and lipids for delivery elsewhere

Lysosomes

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. During phagocytosis pathogens are engulfed and broken down by the digestive enzymes found in lysosomes.

Ribosomes

synthesize proteins by reading messenger RNA (mRNA) instructions and joining amino acids together

Rough vs Smooth ER

Rough: protein synthesis etc

Smooth: lipid synthesis etc

Origin of mitochondria

According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria were once free living (proteo) bacteria that were engulfed by a (proteo) eukaryote.

EXCLUSIVELY Eukariotic

Golgi apparatus and nuclear membrane

Free vs Attached ribosomes

FREE synthesize RNA w/in cytoplasm
ATTACHED synthesize proteins