Pathophysiology Exam 1 Dr. Walton MWSU

HER2

oncogene associated with breast cancer

Chemotaxis

movement in response to a chemical

CRP

C-Reactive Protein. Proteins not normally in the blood but appear in 24-48 hours with acute inflammation or necrosis

Thymus, bone marrow

Sites of immune cell development.

Innate

Type of response of all leukocytes except lymphocytes

complement system

a collection of proteins in the blood that, when activated:

Forms a membrane attack complex that lyses target cells, promotes inflammation, and increases phagocyte efficiency

Cellular immunity

Cell mediated immunity

IgA

This antibody is found in mucous membranes, body cavities secretions and does NOT cross the placenta. It protects body cavities and found in breast milk.

Autograft

Tissue is take from self and used on you

carcinogen

cancer causing agent

Pathophysiology

The study of Changes in body function in disease

Etiology

The causes of a disease

Predisposing factor

(AKA Risk Factor). Something that increases the risk of a disease

Disease

Deviation from normal health. Inability to maintain homeostasis.

Causes of Disease

• Heredity (inherited mutations)

• Infections

○ Viruses

○ Fungi

○ Bacteria

○ Parasites (multicellular)

• Environment

○ Radiation (nuclear, sun)

○ Toxins (metals, air pollutants)

• Lifestyle

○ Smoking

○ Sleep

○ Stress

○ exercise

• Nutrition

○ Specific foods are risk factors for certain diseases

○ Obesity and malnutrition

Adaptations

response to change in tissue environment or use

Atrophy

decreased cell size

Hypertrophy

increased cell size

Hyperplasia

increased cell number

Metaplasia

replacement of one normal cell type with another normal cell type

Dysplasia

Pre-cancer(Not Cancer)

• Increased cell number

• Abnormal cell size and shape

• Loss of normal organization

Neoplasia

(malignancy)

• Increased cell number

• Abnormal cell size and shape

• Loss of normal organization

• Dramatic change in nuclei

• Can also contain cells leaving site of origin

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death (Normal cell Death)

Necrosis

Cell death due to massive injury

Liquefaction

Necrosis where tissue is Liquefied by enzymes

Coagulation

Necrosis where Cell proteins are denatured and insoluble.Cells clump up due to denaturation. (Loses 3d shape or tertiary structure due to unfolding).

Caseous

Necrosis where a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms in tissue. Usually refers to lesions.

Fat necrosis

Necrosis where fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids

Infarction

Area of dead cells resulting from lack of O2

Hypoxia

Insufficient Oxygen

Ischemia

Insufficient blood supply to a tissue

Gangrene

Area of necrotic tissue that has been infected by bacteria

Filtration

Movement of fluid(and dissolve solutes) from blood to interstitial fluid.

Absorption

Movement of fluid (and dissolved solutes) from interstitial fluid to blood

Filtration, absorption

_________ and _________ are determined by hydrostatic pressure gradient(push) and Osmotic pressure gradient(pull)

Edema

(Swelling buildup of fluid)

• Excess filtration and or

• decreased absorption and or

• Increased capillary permeability and or

• Blocked lymphatic

Signs

Can be measured. Objective.

Symptoms

• can't be measured

• Subjective

• Personal feeling

Manifestations

Signs and symptoms combined

Pathogens

Microbes that cause disease

First line defense

Defense that is-

• Mechanical

○ Skin

• Chemical

○ Mucous,Tears

Second line Defense

Defense that is

• Innate(inborn or present from birth) immunity

○ Phagocytosis

§ Cell eating

§ One cell engulfs another cell or particle

Third line defense

Defense that involves-

• Slow specific immunity

• antibiotics

memory responses

Inflammation

__________ is a nonspecific(happens the same way regardless of trigger) defense and occurs in response to injury or infection. It is also typically characterized by ending in -itis.

Inflammation

Process of __________

• A trigger releases chemical mediatiors(cell that send messages to other cells)

○ Pain receptors activated by bradykinin

○ Vasodilation

§ Diameter of blood vessels increase

○ Vasodilation causes Hypermia(increased blood flow in a tissue)

○ Edema

○ Chemotaxis (movement in response to a chemical)and diapedesis (movement of leukocytes out of capillary) of leukocytes

○ Phagocytes clean up inflammation by eating

diapedesis

movement of leukocytes out of capillary

Hypermia

increased blood flow in a tissue

Histamine

Chemical mediator in the inflammatory response that causes:

• Immediate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to form exudate

exudate

The interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area

Chemotactic factors

Chemical mediator in the inflammatory response that causes:

• chemotaxis

• For example attract neutrophils to site

Cytokines

Chemical mediator in the inflammatory response that causes:

• Causes fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis, and increase plasma proteins.

Prostaglandins

Chemical mediator in the inflammatory response that causes:

• vasodilation

• increased capillary permeability

• Pain

• Fever

• Potentiate histamine effect

Kinins

Chemical mediator in the inflammatory response that causes:

• vasodilation

• increased capillary permeability

• Pain

chemotaxis

Complement System

Chemical mediator in the inflammatory response that causes:

• vasodilation

• increased capillary permeability

chemotaxis

increased histamine release

Serous exudate

exudate that is mostly fluid, some protein and leukocytes

Fibrinous exudate

exudate that is thick, sticky, high levels of fibrin and leukocytes

Purulent Exudate

exudate that is thick, yellow-green, high levels of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria(pus)

Hemorrhagic

exudate that is bloody

Malaise

General feeling of unwellness

Anorexia

Loss of appetite

Acute-Phase responses

Changes detectable in the blood

Fever

Increase in body temperature

Pyrogens

• Fever-causing substances

○ Example; prostaglandins and cytokines etc.(these cause local warmth with inflammation but when they go systemic cause complete body temperature elevation)

BMR

• Basal Metabolic Rate

• Chemical reactions that occur in the absence of activity

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.

Plasma Proteins

blood clotting proteins(fibrinogen and prothrombin)

Chronic Inflammation

• Less swelling and exudate production

• More infiltration of the area by lymphocytes(type of leukocytes), macrophages(type of leukocytes), and fibroblasts(connective tissue cells that make collagen, which is found in scars)

• More collagen production(fibrosis/scarring)

• More often presence of granulomas

○ Granulomas= lesion in a tissue containing many leukocytes surrounded by a membrane of collagen

• Greater tissue destruction

Antipyretic

Fever reducer

Analgesic

Pain relieving

ASA

Acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin)

NSAID

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Glucocorticoid

Anti-inflammatory steroids

Resolution

Restoration of structure and function after recovery of damaged cells.

Regeneration

Dead and/or severely damaged cells are replaced by mitosis of adjacent cells.

Fibrosis/Scar formation

Replacement by connective tissue occurs when damage is extensive and/or cells are not capable of mitosis.

Granulation tissue

Newly developed tissue that is formed during the healing process replacing the clot. It is highly vascular due to angiogenesis, and very fragile.

Scar tissue

Fibroblasts produce collagen to form_________ _________, which provides strength but not normal tissue function.

Angiogenesis

Development of new blood vessels

promote

Factors that __________ healing include, youth, good nutrition, adequate hemoglobin, effective circulation, clean wound, and no infection or further trauma to the site.

delay

Factors that _________ healing include, advanced age causing reduced mitosis, poor nutrition, anemia, circulatory problems, other present diseases, etc.

Hemoglobin

O2 carrying protein in RBCs

Complication

An unwanted second condition that results from the first condition

Contractures

Shortening of tissue

Stenosis

Narrowing of a tubular organ

Adhesions

Band of scar tissue that connect other tissues together

Ulcer

patch of necrotic epithelial tissue

Keloid

Hypertrophic scar. an area of irregular fibrous tissue formed at the site of a scar or injury.

fibrous

Complications of _________ healing include loss of function, contractures, stenosis, adhesions, ulcers, and keloids.

immune system

includes lymphoid structures and many immune cells. Primary job is to protect against foreign substances.

antigens

Substances that stimulate immune responses

Lymphoid structures

places where 4 immune cells develop or get activated. Includes Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymphnodes axillary.

spleen, lymphnodes axillary

Sites of immune cell activation

Memory response

stronger, faster immune responses against subsequent encounters with the same antigen

Phagocytosis

neutrophils activated function

eosinophil

its activated function is phagocytosis of antibody coated parasites.

basophil, mast cells

these two leukocytes have an activated function of releasing chemical mediators of inflammation and allergies.

Lymphocytes

These have a activated response of antibody production, cytokine secretion, and have cytotoxic properties. Also known as T and B cells.

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes

Most abundant and second most abundant leukocytes.

Monocytes

Leukocytes that are

• Found in the blood

• Precursors to macrophages

Macrophages

Leukocytes that are

• Found in tissue