Physics Paper 2 whole

Law of Conservation of Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

Wasted Energy

Any energy that comes out unintentionally

Sankey Diagram

Visually shows the efficiency of something

Work Done

Work done = force x distance

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravity x change in height

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2

Power

Power = energy transferred / time

Efficiency

Efficiency = useful power out / total power in

Resultant Force

The difference between forces

Potential Difference

Measured by a voltmeter

Resistance

Slows down the current in a circuit

Resistors in Series

Total resistance is the sum of individual resistances

Resistors in Parallel

Total resistance is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals of individual resistances

Current

Units: amps (A)

Potential Difference

Units: volts (V)

Resistance

Units: ohms (Ω)

AC

Alternating current

DC

Direct current

Alternating Current

Changes direction

Direct Current

Flows in one direction

Magnetic Field

From north to south

Fleming's Left Hand Rule

Magnetic field (first finger), current (second finger), force (thumb)

Magnetic Flux Density

Amount of magnetic flux in a certain area

Force

Force = magnetic flux density × current × length

Magnetic Flux Density

Units: tesla (T)

Force

Units: newtons (N)

Current

Units: amps (A)

Length

Units: meters (m)

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy = 1/2 x spring constant x extension^2

Hooke's Law

Extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied

Static Electricity

Occurs when two insulators rub together, causing the movement of electrons

Electric Motors

Use Fleming's Left Hand Rule to determine the direction of the force

Transformers

Voltage in the primary coil / voltage in the secondary coil = number of turns in the primary coil / number of turns in the secondary coil

Pressure

Pressure = force / area

Pressure

Pressure = height × density × gravitational field strength

Density

Density = mass / volume

Specific Heat Capacity

Energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree

Specific Latent Heat

Energy needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at the melting point

Nanotechnology

Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes

Glass and Ceramics

Glass: made up of silicon dioxide, Ceramics: contain silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

Atmosphere

Close to the surface is thick and dense, at the top is thin and has less pressure

Floating and Sinking

Object floats when upthrust of water balances with object's weight, object sinks when object's weight is more than upthrust of water

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid

Polymers

Long polymer chains, can be thermosetting or thermosoftening

Structure of DNA

Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, G

Alcohols

Have -O-H functional group, used for drinking or as a solvent

Reactions of Alcohols

React with sodium, oxygen, and water

Measuring Energy Released by Burning Alcohols

Compare different types of alcohol by burning and measuring temperature change

Carboxylic Acids

Have -COOH functional group, react with carbonates and alcohols

Nanotechnology

Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes

Glass and Ceramics

Glass: made up of silicon dioxide, Ceramics: contain silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

Atmosphere

Close to the surface is thick and dense, at the top is thin and has less pressure

Floating and Sinking

Object floats when upthrust of water balances with object's weight, object sinks when object's weight is more than upthrust of water

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid

Polymers

Long polymer chains, can be thermosetting or thermosoftening

Structure of DNA

Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, G

Alcohols

Have -O-H functional group, used for drinking or as a solvent

Reactions of Alcohols

React with sodium, oxygen, and water

Measuring Energy Released by Burning Alcohols

Compare different types of alcohol by burning and measuring temperature change

Carboxylic Acids

Have -COOH functional group, react with carbonates and alcohols

Nanotechnology

Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes

Glass and Ceramics

Glass: made up of silicon dioxide, Ceramics: contain silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

Atmosphere

Close to the surface is thick and dense, at the top is thin and has less pressure

Floating and Sinking

Object floats when upthrust of water balances with object's weight, object sinks when object's weight is more than upthrust of water

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid

Polymers

Long polymer chains, can be thermosetting or thermosoftening

Structure of DNA

Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, G

Alcohols

Have -O-H functional group, used for drinking or as a solvent

Reactions of Alcohols

React with sodium, oxygen, and water

Measuring Energy Released by Burning Alcohols

Compare different types of alcohol by burning and measuring temperature change

Carboxylic Acids

Have -COOH functional group, react with carbonates and alcohols

Nanotechnology

Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes

Glass and Ceramics

Glass: made up of silicon dioxide, Ceramics: contain silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

Atmosphere

Close to the surface is thick and dense, at the top is thin and has less pressure

Floating and Sinking

Object floats when upthrust of water balances with object's weight, object sinks when object's weight is more than upthrust of water

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid

Polymers

Long polymer chains, can be thermosetting or thermosoftening

Structure of DNA

Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, G

Alcohols

Have -O-H functional group, used for drinking or as a solvent

Reactions of Alcohols

React with sodium, oxygen, and water

Measuring Energy Released by Burning Alcohols

Compare different types of alcohol by burning and measuring temperature change

Carboxylic Acids

Have -COOH functional group, react with carbonates and alcohols

Nanotechnology

Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes

Glass and Ceramics

Glass: made up of silicon dioxide, Ceramics: contain silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

Atmosphere

Close to the surface is thick and dense, at the top is thin and has less pressure

Floating and Sinking

Object floats when upthrust of water balances with object's weight, object sinks when object's weight is more than upthrust of water

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid

Polymers

Long polymer chains, can be thermosetting or thermosoftening

Structure of DNA

Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, G

Alcohols

Have -O-H functional group, used for drinking or as a solvent

Reactions of Alcohols

React with sodium, oxygen, and water

Measuring Energy Released by Burning Alcohols

Compare different types of alcohol by burning and measuring temperature change

Carboxylic Acids

Have -COOH functional group, react with carbonates and alcohols

Nanotechnology

Rearranging atoms into specific locations and sizes

Glass and Ceramics

Glass: made up of silicon dioxide, Ceramics: contain silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide

Atmosphere

Close to the surface is thick and dense, at the top is thin and has less pressure

Floating and Sinking

Object floats when upthrust of water balances with object's weight, object sinks when object's weight is more than upthrust of water

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid

Polymers

Long polymer chains, can be thermosetting or thermosoftening

Structure of DNA

Double helix structure with bases A, T, C, G