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amylase hydrolyzes ______ carbohydrates
complex carbohydrates
pepsin hydrolyzes ________
proteins
lipase works with ____ to form _____
bile to form micelles
nuclease hydrolyzes _____ and ______
DNA + RNA
gastrin causes secretion of _____ and _______
HCI (hydrochloric acid) + pepsinogen
secretin causes secretion of ______ from _______
bicarbonate from pancreas
CCK (cholecystokinin) results in secretion from ______ and ________
gallbladder and pancreas
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) increases secretion of ______ from _____ and reduce _________ activity
insulin from pancreas + reduces gastric activity
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) causes __________ in intestinal arterioles
vasodilation
eterocrinin causes production of _______ in ______ intestine
mucus in small intestine
nasal cavity:
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
function?
upper conducting system
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
filters, humidifies, and warms air
bronchial tree begins at the ______
hilum
nasopharynx:
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
function?
upper conducting cavity
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
filters, humidifies, and warms air
oropharynx:
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
function?
upper conducting cavity
stratified squamous epithelium
allow air, food, fluid to pass through
laryngopharynx:
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
function?
upper conducting cavity
stratified squamous epithelium
regulates passageway of air to lungs + food/fluid to esophagus
larynx:
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
lower conducting
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
and 4. yes; epiglottis (protects glottis), thyroid (vocal and vestibular folds), cricoid, other paired car.
trachea
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
lower conducting
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
and 4. yes; C-shape rings (allow for expansion)
bronchial tree: primary bronchi
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
lower conducting
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
rings of cartilages
bronchial tree: secondary
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
lower conducting
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
n/a
bronchial tree: tertiary
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
lower conducting
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
fewer + smaller ring of cartilages
bronchial tree: terminal
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
lower conducting
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
n/a
bronchial tree: respiratory bronchials
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
function?
lower conducting
simple squamous epithelium
deliver air
alveolar ducts: alveoli (type I)
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
type I: pneumocytes (wall)
lower conducting
simple squamous
n/a
gas exchange
alveolar ducts: alveoli (type II)
lower or upper conducting cavity?
form? (ciliated, stratified squa)
cartilage?
function?
type II: pneumocytes (significant)
lower conducting
cuboidal
n/a
secrete pulmonary surfactant (reduces surface tension)
stratisfied squamous epithelium protect against _____ in the oropharynx and ______
abrasion + laryngopharynx
celiated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium is a _____ escalator which is seen all through the conducting zone except _____ and _______
mucus + laryngopharynx + oropharynx
(moves mucus towards mouth to clean lungs)
simple squamous epithelium helps with ________ in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
diffusion
the larynx has three large, unpaired cartilages which are the _____, ____ ___ (vibrate to make sound!) _____ ____ (“false cords”)
glottis + vocal folds + vestibular folds
the trachea has ____- shaped rings that help with _____
C-shaped + swallowing (help expand when swallowing)
bronchi have complete ________ rings
cartilaginous rings
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium has ___ cells and ____ to make and move mucus out of the tract
goblet cells + cilia
______ exchange occurs between alveoli (type I) and ____ capillaries
gas exchange + pulmonary capillaries
gas exchange requires alveoli to be _____ and ______
ventilates + perfused
type II alveoli make _____ to decrease _____ _____
surfactant + surface tension
preterm infants = no surfactant = no _____ ____ = _____ _______ ______
surface tension + respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
lungs transfer _____ and _____ between the air and the blood
O2 and CO2
abdominal muscles and internal intercostals control _________
expiration
external intercostals: pressure changes control _______
inspiration
ventilation moves air ____ (inhalation) and _____ (exhalation) of lung based on volume and _______ changes
in and out + pressure
boyle’s law states that the pressure and volume are _______ related (one increases, the other decreases)
inversely
in inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and _______ volume of thoracic cavity
contracts + increases
in exhalation, the diaphragm _____ and the thoracic volume _____
relaxes + decreases
inhalation is when ___ pressure is less than ____ (air in)
intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure
atmospheric pressure is ________ the body
outside
intrapulmonary pressure is ______ lungs
inside
intrapleural pressure is _____ lungs and is always ______ to help pull lungs outward and reinflate them
outside + negative
intrapulmonary pressure decreases because:
diaphragm and external intercostals actively _______
thoracic cavity expands ______
pleura expands _____
hydrogen bonding in pleural fluid _____
contract
pleura
lungs
pulls
when inhalation ends, intrapulmonary pressure = _____ pressure
atmospheric
exhalation is when ________ pressure is greater than _____ pressure (air out)
intrapulmonary + atmospheric
intrapulmonary pressure increases because:
diaphragm and external intercostals ______ and compress thoracic cavity
thoracic cavity compresses ______
pleura compresses ______
alveoli don’t collapse because of ________ (no H bonding)
RELAX
pleura
lungs
surfactant (prevents lungs from collapsing = intrapleural pressure)
when exhalation ends, intrapulmonary pressure = ______ pressure
atmospheric
accessory muscles of exhalation include:
internal intercostals
transversus abdominus
abdominal obliques
all of the above
all of the above
which of the following would NOT prevent atelectasis (collapse of lungs)?
negative intrapleural pressure
hydrogen bonding in the pleural fluid
surfactant
pneumothorax
pneumothorax (makes the intrapleural pressure not negative anymore which elads to lung collapse)
True of False: hydrogen bonding in pleural fluid is a bad thing
false (it is a good thing)
dorsal respiratory group in medulla always stimulates _________
inhalation
ventral respiratory group in medulla always stimulates muscles during forced ___ and forced _____
forced inhalation + forced exhalation
remedy hypoventilation FLOWCHART:
hypoventilation > hypercapnia (excessive CO2 in blood) (increase PCO2) > increase acidosis (decrease pH)
chemoreceptors sense increase PCO2 and decrease in pH are triggered
dorsal respiratory group stimulates
diaphragm contract and external intercostals contract
increase rate and depth of inhalation (ventilation)
increase pH and decrease of PCO2
baroreceptors/stretch receptors are important because they make sure we do not _________ our lungs
over inflate
chemoreceptors control the rate of ______
breathing
in respiration, highly efficient exchange depends on:
high surface area
short diffusion distance (thin membrane, little mucus)
maintenance of partial pressure gradients (air goes in and out, blood goes round and round)
less alveoli, thicker membrane, and reduced gradients will _______ rate and amout of diffusion
decrease
external respiration is when PO2 ____ and PCO2 ______ along systematic capillary
decreases + increases
internal respiration is when PO2 ____ and PCO2 _____ along pulmonary capillary
increases + decreases
95% of oxygen in the blood is transported as ___; while 25% of the carbon dioxide is transported as ______
oxyhemoglobin; bicarbonate
deoxyhemoglobin; bicarbonate
deoxyhemoglobin; plasma CO2
oxyhemoglobin; carbaminohemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin; carbaminohemoglobin
most of the carbon dioxide in the blood travels as ______ in the _______
carbominohemoglobin; red blood cell
carboxyaminohemoglobin; red blood cell
bicarbonate; plasma
carbon dioxide; plasma
bicarbonatel; plasma (if something is bound to hemoglobin it is inside RBC, if bound to plasma it is outside RBC)
carbon dioxide transport in blood:
Hb= hemoglobin, CAH = ______ _______
carbon anhydrase
gas exchange in respiring tissues starts from inside ______ and HbO2 → ___ + HHb
RBC + O2
gas exchange at lungs (alveoli) goes from lungs into ____ and HHb + ____ → HbO2
RBC + O2
hemoglobin saturation refers to % of Hb bound to _______
O2
saturation curve displays how Hb’s ability to bind O2 varies with the ______
PO2
why does hemoglobin-O2 affinity decrease during moderately intense exercise?
decreased PO2 at the tissues
decreased pH at the tissues
increased temperature at the tissues
all of the above
all of the above0
True of false: decreased compliance or increased resistance in the lungs can lead to hypoventilation and hypercapnia
true
gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, ____, ______, ______, ___ ___, ___ ___
pharynx + esophagus + stomach + small intestine + large intestine
the wall of the GI tract usually has 4 layers which are:
mucosa around lumen
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa around organ
mucosa of small intestines is folded (villi) and the simple columnar epithelum has ___ ____ (microvilli)
brush border
intestinal mortility (peristalsis) is caused when muscularis externa is stimulated by the ________
submucosal plexus
myenteric plexus
plicae circularis
haustra
myenteric plexus (these nerves stimulate to contract and produce peristalsis)
plicae circularis icreases _____ _____
surface area
haustra are pockets in the ___ intestine that compact _____
large intestine + feces
steps in food process FLOWCHART:
oral cavity
oro + laryngopharynx shared spaces for air, food, water
epiglottis direct food away from glottis and larynx
deglutition (swallowing) + peristalsis
stomach stores food, chemical digestion
small intestine chemically digest and absorb nutrients
( mucosa has brush border)
what structures increase the surface area for absorption and secretion in the small intestine?
microvilli (brush border)
villi
plicae circularis
haustra
1, 2 and 3
all of the above
1, 2 and 3
large intestine reabsorbs _______ and compacts _______
water + feces
the rectum stores ______
feces
voluntary sphincter muscles _______ to expel feces
relaxes
pancreas secretes _____ and enzymes in the _______
bicarbonate + duodenum
bicarbonate neutralizes the _____ _______ juices
acid gastric
liver and gallbladder make ____ to aid in fat digestion. liver __ bile and gallbladder ____ bile
bile + liver makes bile + gallbladder stores bile
each lobe of the liver is made of _____. they are six sided structures, each side with a portal _____
lobules + portal triad
portal triad has branches of hepatic portal vein, hepatic ____ and bile ____
hepatic artery + bile duct
canaliculi carries _______ towards bile duct
bile
hepatocytes (liver cells with microvilli) are between ____ _____
portal triads
blockage of which duct must increase the likliehood of an ulcer in the duodenum?
right or left hepatic duct
cystic duct
common bile duct
pancreatic duct
pancreatic duct (digestive enzymes
the cephalic phase has a ___ mechanism where the vagus nerve prompts stomach to produce _______
neural (see w/ eyes) + gastrin
the gastric phase has ___, ___, and _____ mechanisms where the stomach produces ______
neural + local + hormonal + gastrin
the intestinal phase has _____ and ___ mechanisms where intestinal cells secrete enterocinin, secretin, CCK, GIP and _____
neural + hormonal + VIP
gastrin is made by ___ cells in the stomach and the duodenum. it is released in the presence of _____ proteins, it increases both stomach _____ and secretion of ____ ____
G cells + undigested + stomach motility + gastric juices
secretin is made by ____ __c__ells of the duodenum. it is released in the presence of ___ ___ and directly increases ____, reduces ____ _____
enteroendocrine cells + acidic chyme + pH + gastric activity
enterocrinin is made by the ____ cells of the duodenum which stimulates ___ production by submucosal glands
enteroendocrine cells + mucus
cholecystokini (CCK) is made by _____ cells and is released in the presence of _____ and ___. It increases secretion of ___ enzymes, increases secretion of ____, and reduces __ activity and ____
enteroendocrine cells + lipids and proteins + digestive + bile + gastric activity + hunger
in the cephalic phase, the body prepares stomach for _____
food
in the gastric phase, the body _______ gastric secretions
increases