Cell cycle and mitosis/meosis

Somatic cell

any cell of an organism other than the reproductive cells.

turner's syndrome

missing one x chromosome, only viable human monosomy, female and sterile

Down syndrome

trisomy 21, extra chromosome in 21

Klinefelters

XXY, male with feminine features

Gamete

sex cell; sperm or egg

testes or ovaries

Where are gametes found?

Diploid number

The full number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.

Haploid number

half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells

homologous chromosomes

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same potential genes, one is from the mom and the other is from the dad

sister chromatids

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere (only seen when the cells sowing through cell division)

zygote

the cell that is formed by the union of the sperm and egg. Half of the DNA is from the egg and the other half is from the sperm

sperm

carries DNA with only a nucleus, 23 chromosomes

egg

cell containing 23 chromosomes

chromatin

loosely packed DNA in your nuclei, exists BEFORE DNA is copied

chromsome

condensed DNA formed when the cell is preparing for cell division

gene

segment of DNA that codes for a protein, have a specific location on a given chromosome

2n

diploid number

n

habloid number

karyotype

a visual pairing of the chromosomes from largest to smallest, with the SEX chromosomes as the final pair

centromere

joins together replicates of individual chromosomes/sister chromatids

mitosis

the process in which new SOMATIC cells divide after the DNA is replicated

meiosis

the process in which new gametes are divided after the DNA is replicated

G1, S, G2

order of interphase

G0 phase

exit from cell cycle (non dividing cell)

G1 phase

cell metabolically active, duplicates organelles and cytosolic components

G1 phase

centrosome replication begins

S phase

DNA is replicated

G2 phase

cell growth continues

G2 phase

enzymes and other proteins are synthesized

G2 phase

centrosome replication completed

PMAT

mitotic phase acronym

prophase

replicated chromatin is beginning to condense into chromosomes, mitotic spindle is forming from centrosome

microtubules

mitotic spindle is made of:

kinetochore

sister chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle by a ____ in the centromere

metaphase

sister chromatids are attached to a mitotic spindle (the phase, not the name of the connector)

metaphase

nuclear envelope is completely dissolved

metaphase

mitotic spindle spans the entire cell

metaphase

chromosomes (sister chromatids) are lined up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

centromere dissolved allowing the sister chromatids to operate/seperate

anaphase

chromosomes begin to migrate to opposite sides of the cell

telophase

chromosomes are as far apart as possible

telophase

2 nuclear envelopes are forming

telophase

mitotic spindle is breaking down

telophase

cytokinesis is beginning

cytokinesis

follows mitosis

Cytokinesis

division of the cell/cytoplasm to create 2 new cells

cleavage furrow

cytokinesis in animal cells creates a:

cell plate

cytokinesis in plant cells forms a:

centrosome

made of centrioles- the mitotic spindle grows from here

p53

concentration of this signals that the cell is healthy, tumor suppressor protein

G1

p53 is found in:

cyclin D

made by the cell and tells the cell to proceed to the S phase

G1

cyclin D is made in:

CDK

makes sure that the DNA was replicated accurately without mistakes

G2

CDK is made in:

cyclin A

helps to move the cell through the G2 phase and makes sure DNA replication is complete

G2

cyclin A is made in:

apoptosis

the process by which the cell is deliberately killed, can occur due to infection, damage, improper function, or the cell not taking the proper cues through the cycle

proginator cell

somatic cell in lining of testes or ovaries that creates sex cells

prophase I

crossing over occurs, nuclear envelope dissolving, chromatin condensing into chromosomes, meiotic spindle forming

crossing over

homologous chromosomes find each other and physically touch each other, swapping bits of genetic information

chasmal

place where chromosomes cross over

metaphase I

random assortment of chromosomes as they line up at the metaphase plate (middle of the cell)

anaphase I

homologous chromosomes been to separate (sister chromatids stay together)

telophase I

chromosomes far apart as possible, nuclear envelopes forming, cytokinesis has begun