Biomedical Terminology: Unit 4: Chapter 18

Endocrine System

Responsible

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (abbreviation); secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates adrenal cortex

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone; secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and increases reabsorption of water by the kidney (abbreviation)

FSH

Follicle Stimulating hormone; secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm of the testes (abbreviation)

GH

Growth Hormone (abbreviation); secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissue

hCG

Human chorionic gonadotropin (abbreviation)

PTH

Parathyroid hormone (abbreviation); secreted by parathyroid, increasing blood calcium

STH

Somatotropin (growth hormone) (abbreviation); secreted by anterior love of the pituitary gland and released the most when you sleep

T3

Triiodothyronine (abbreviation)

T4

thyroxine (abbreviation)

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone (abbreviation); secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promoting thyroid function

Erythropoietin

Stimulates erythrocyte production

Adrenal Cortex

Outer section of each adrenal gland which secretes Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids

Adrenal Medulla

Inner section of each adrenal gland and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Ovaries

Responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

Pancreas

Located behind the stomach

Thyroid Gland

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea and secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin

T3 T4

Increases Metabolism (4) Hormones of the Thyroid

Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium levels; secreted by the thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland; increases blood calcium.

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)

Located at the base of the brain in the sella tucica

Testes

Responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

Adrenaline/epinephrine

Secreted by the adrenal medulla and increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilatates broncial tubes, releases sugar from storage (Sympathomimetic agents)

Glucocorticoids

Influences metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone); influences sugar (Adrenal cortex secretes)

Mineralocorticoids

Hormone that Regulates electrolytes (Adrenal cortex secretes)

Aldosterone

Reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium, which influences salt

Gonadocorticoids

Androgens and estrogens; influences sex (Adrenal cortex secretes)

Norepinephrine

Constricts vessels to raise blood pressure and secreted by adrenal medulla (Sympathomimetic agents)

Androgen

Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex

Sympathomimetic agents

Mimic the sympathetic nervous system

Islets of Langerhans

Produces insulin and glucagon

Glucagon

Promotes movement of glucose into blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

Cortisol

Secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases blood sugar

Estradiol

Strogen secreted by the ovaries

Estrogen

Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex

Hypophysis

Pea sized gland in depression of the skull (sella turcica)

Glucagons

Secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas and increases blood sugar my moving sugar into the blood stream

Hypothalamus

Secretes releasing and inhibiting factors; lays below the thalamus and above pituitary gland

Insulin

Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas and helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

Oxytocin (OT)

Secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth

Progesterone

Secreted by the ovaries, prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Prolactin (PRL)

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland promoting milk secretion

Vasopressin

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; ADH; Raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure

Catecholamines

Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla

Corticosteroids

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Hormone

Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure of function of an organ or gland

Sella Turcica

Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland

Steroid

Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made

Target Tissue

Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Aden/o

Gland (root)

adrenal/o

adrenal glands (root)

gonad/o

Sex glands (root)

pancreat/o

pancreas (root)

parathyroid/o

parathyroid gland (root)

Pituitar/o

Pituitary gland, hypophysis (root)

thyr/o thyroid/o

thyroid gland (root)

Hypersecretion

Hyperthyroidism; graves’ disease (exophthalmos and proptosis)

Phyosecretion

Hypothyroidism (Myxedema, cretinism)

andr/o

male (root)

calc/o calic/o

calcium (root) (2)

cortic/o

cortex, outer region (root)

crin/o

secrete (root)

dips/o

thirst (root)

estr/o

female (root)

gluc/o glyc/o

sugar (root)

home/o

samness (root)

hormon/o

hormone (root)

kal/i

potassium (root)

lact/o

milk (root)

myx/o

mucus (root)

natr/o

sodium (root)

phys/o

growing (root)

somat/o

body (root)

Hyperparathyroidism

Loss of bone density, kidney stones, hypercalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism

muscle and nerve weakness, tetany, hypocalcemia

ster/o

solid structure (root)

toc/o

childbirth (root)

toxic/o

position (root)

ur/o

urine (root)

-agon

assemble, gather together (suffix)

-emia

blood condition (suffix)

-in, -ine

a substance (suffix) (2)

hypersecretion

adrenal virilism and cushing syndrome are examples of a problem with adrenal cortex

Adrenal Virilism

amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening (Type of hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex)

cushing syndrome

obesity, moonface, thoracic, fat deposition (Type of hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex)

Addison Disease

Deficient mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and low blood pressure (Type of hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex)

-tropin

stimulating the function of (suffix)

-uria

urine condition (suffix)

eu-

good, normal (prefix)

Pheochromocytoma

benign tumor of adrenal medulla, excess epinephrine and norepinephrine; hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms (Hypersecretion of adrenal medulla)

Hyperinsulinism

Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting (hypersecretion of pancreas)

Diabetes mellitus

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells (Type 1 and type 2 diabetes)

oxy-

rapid, sharp, acid (prefix)

pan-

all (prefix)

tetra-

four (prefix)

Type 1 Diabetes

Abrupt, rapid onset with little or no insulin production, thin or normal body weight at onset and ketoacidosis often occurs (Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia)

Type 2 diabetes

Gradual onset, asymptomatic, insulin usually present, and ketoacidosis seldom occurs.

ADH and Oxytocin

Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (2)

ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, PRL,

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (6)