Gross anatomy II exam I pt 2

What is the longest cranial nerve?

Vagus (X)

The vagus nerve arises from the ___ and exits through the___ __

Medulla, jugular foramen

What are the branches of the vagus nerve?

Meninges, auricular, pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal

What is the function of the meninges branch?

Supplies dura mater with sensory; cervicogenic headache

What is the function of the auricular branch?

Sensory to auricle, floor of external meatus, and tympanic membrane; swimmers ear (otitis external)

What is the function of pharyngeal branch?

Motor to all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngeus and all muscles of soft palate except for tensor vali palatini

Pharyngeal branch is motor to what reflex?

Gag

What is the function of superior laryngeal branch?

Internal: sensory to larynx above vocal cords

External: motor to cricothyroid and inferior constrictors

What is the function of recurrent laryngeal?

sensory: larynx below vocal cords

motor: all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid m.

What is a clinical aspect of recurrent laryngeal?

Unilateral damage: partial aphonia

Bilateral damage: complete aphonia

What can cause damage to recurrent laryngeal?

Trauma during thyroid surgery, goiter or thyroid tumor, lung tumor, aortic aneurysm (LEFT ONLY)

The cranial part of the accessory nerve originates from the ___ __and supplies ___ to the vagus

Medulla oblongata; motor

The spinal part of vagus originates from ___ __and is motor to ___ and __

Spinal cord, SCM and Trap

The hypoglossus nerve originate from the ____ but exits through the ___

Medulla oblongata, hypoglossal canal

Where does the superior cervical ganglion lie?

C1-C3

What are the branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

internal carotid nerve, superior cervical cardiac nerve, and branches to the pharyngeal plexus

What is the level of the middle cervical ganglion?

C6

What is the branch of the middle cervical ganglion?

middle cervical cardiac nerve

What is the level of the vertebral ganglion?

C7

What are the branches of the vertebral ganglion?

Usually fused with middle or inferior cervical ganglion

What is the fusions of inferior cervical ganglion and first thoracic ganglio?

Cervicothoracic ganglion

What is the branch of the cervicothoracic ganglion?

inferior cervical cardiac nerve

What nerve loops anterior to the subclavian artery?

Ansa cervicalis

What does the ansa cervicalis do?

Connects vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion

What is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?

mandible

The condylar process articulates with the ___ to form the ____

temporal bone; temperomandibular joint

Where do the muscles of mastication attach?

coronoid process of the mandible

What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

superior mental spine of the mandible

What is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?

inferior mental spine of the mandible

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, stylohyoid

what is the function of the digastric muscle?

elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when hyoid is fixed

What is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric?

nerve to the mylohyoid (CN V)

What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric?

cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

What is the function of the mylohyoid?

elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid?

nerve to the mylohyoid

What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?

elevates hyoid bone and tongue

What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?

C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What is the function of the genioglossus?

draws tongue forward, protrudes tip of tongue

What is the innervation of the genioglossus?

hypoglossal nerve

What is the function of the hypoglossus?

draws tongue downward

What is the innervation of the hypoglossus?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What is a small portion of hypoglosus that may take origin from the lesser horn of hyoid?

chondroglossus

What is the action of the styloglossus?

draws tongue upward and backwards

What is the innervation of the stylogossus?

hypoglossal nerve

What is the function of the stylohyoid?

elevates and retracts hyoid

What is the innervation of the stylohyoid?

facial nerve (CN VII)

What is the clinical significance of the stylohyoid?

pierced by the intermediate tendon of the digastric

What is the order of glands from biggest to smallest?

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Where is the superficial part of the submandibular gland?

large and lies within the submandibular triangle and submandibular fossa

Where is the deep part of the submandibular gland?

small and superior to mylohyoid muscle

Where does the submandibular gland open?

oral cavity at the sublingual caruncle

Where is the sublingual caruncle?

lateral to the frenulum of the tongue

What gland is located superior to the mylohyoid muscle in the sublingual fossa?

sublingual gland

Where does the sublingual gland empty?

floor of mouth by 12 short ducts

What nerve crosses under the submandibular duct on its way to the tongue?

lingual

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

airway, olfaction, warming/moistening, cleansing

The nasal cavity extends from the ___ anteriorly to the ___ posteriorly

nostrils (nares); chaonae

What are the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which open into the nasopharynx?

choanae

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?

nasal, frontal, cribiform plate of ethmoid, body of sphenoid

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?

palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone

What bones form the medial wall (nasal septum)?

septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, and vomer

What are the 7 bones of the lateral wall of nasal cavity?

basal, frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid

What are the structures of the lateral wall?

superior-> inferior nasal concha

What concha is on a separate bone than the ethmoid bone?

inferior nasal concha

What is an anatomical variation of concha?

a highest nasal concha on the ethmoid bone

What is it called when nasal septum does not lie in the median plane?

deviated septum

What can cause a deviated septum?

congenital, birth injury, trauma

What nasal structure is above and behind the superior nasal concha?

sphenoethmoidal recess

What opening is on the sphenoethmoidal recess?

Opening of sphenoidal sinus

What is in between the concha?

superior, middle, and inferior meatus

What opening is in the superior meatus?

opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells

What 2 structures are on the middle meatus?

ethmoidal bulla and hiatus semilunaris

What opens onto the ethmoidal bulla?

middle ethmoidal cells

What opens onto the hiatus semilunaris?

frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells, and maxillary sinus

What opens onto the inferior meatus?

opening of the nasolacrimal duct

What does the nasolacrimal duct connect?

lacrimal sac of the orbit (eye) to the nasal cavity

T/F The nasolacrimal duct is a sinus

FALSE

What are the regions of the nasal cavity?

Nasal vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region

What is the lower 2/3 of the nasal cavity?

respiratory region

What is the upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity?

olfactory region

What nerve fibers are in the olfactory region?

olfactory nerve (CN 1)

What is the loss of smell at 1% rate of people over 50 years of age?

anosmia

What is the sensory innervation of the nasal cavity?

maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of trigeminal

What is the autonomic innervation of the nasal cavity?

pterygopalatine ganglion

What is the most important artery to the nasal cavity?

sphenopalatine branch of maxillary artery

What is the second artery to the nasal cavity?

anterior ethmoidal branch of the opthalmic artery

What is a nose bleed called?

epistaxis

What is a severe epistaxis?

spurting blood from rupture of sphenopalatine

Where are paranasal sinuses found?

bones of the face

All of the paranasal sinuses open into the ___

nasal cavity

What causes the formation of the paranasal sinus?

wolffs law; reduce weight of skull

Where does the frontal nasal open?

hiatus semilunaris

What is the largest sinus and only one present at birth?

maxillary sinus

What sinus is most prone to infection due to its upright position?

maxillary sinus

Where does the sphenoidal sinus open?

sphenoethmoidal recess

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open?

superior nasal meatus

Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open?

ehtmoidal bulla

Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open?

hiatus semilunaris

What is an infection of nasal cavity spread to the nasopharynx?

acuite pharyngitis (sore throat)

What is an infection of nasal cavity spread through pharyngotympanic tube to the middle ear?

otitis media