EEB 115 Lecture Exam 2

What are the five families in the order Diprotodontia?

Vombatidae, Phascolarctidae, Phalangeridae, Tarsipedidae, Macropodidae

What order contains the following families?:

1. Vombatidae

2. Phascolarctidae

3. Phalangeridae

4. Tarsipedidae

5. Macropodidae

Diprotodontia

Order Diprotodontia - Family Phalangeridae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. The diet of this family is said to be what?

3. The lifestyle of this family pertains more to trees, making them primarily what?

4. The tail of this family has adapted to its environment, and is considered what?

5. The first toe (hallux) of this family is described as what?

Cuscuses/Brushtail Possums, Omnivorous, Arboreal, Prehensile, Opposable

Order Diprotodontia - Family Tarsipedidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. What two attributes is the tail of this family described as? {Use /}

3. The diet of this family is said to be what?

4. One trait of this family is that animals may go into a state of decreased physiological activity (lowered body temperature/metabolic rate) to conserve energy, termed what?

Noolbenger, Long/Prehensile, Nectarivorous, Torpor

Order Diprotodontia - Family Macropodidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what three animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. The marsupium of this family is said to open in which direction?

3. This family has a broad what between the incisors and the cheekteeth?

4. This family is highly specialized for bipedal hopping, making their lifestyle primarily what?

5. What two digits in the feet of this family show syndactyly? {Use /}

6. This family is said to be convergent with what group of animals?

Kangaroos/Wallabies/Quokkas, Anteriorly, Diastema, Saltatorial, 2/3, Ungulates

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Point I

Metatherians are less diverse today than eutherians.

1. Only about what percetange of living mammals are metatherians?

2. There is a lack of which two types of animals in metatherians? {Use /}

6%, Flying/Marine

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Point II

Metatherians are far more conservative morphologically.

1. There are no marsupials with what two characteristics? {Use /}

Fins/Wings

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Point III

Metatherians have no exploited great size.

1. The largest living metatherian, at 100 kilograms, is what?

Red Kangaroo

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Point IV

Metatherians never evolved highly social behavior.

1. There are no metatherians that gather/group together, also termed as what?

Herding

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Point V

Metatherian mode of reproduction is probably more ancestral than that of eutherians.

1. The gestastion period is described as very what?

2. The young that is born is said to be nearly what?

Brief, Embyonic

Origins of Eutheria

1. The oldest fossil dates to how many millions of years ago?

2. There was incredible diversity, including some more modern orders, in what period?

160, Cretaceous

“Insectivorans”

1. This group of organisms is considered what on a phylogenetic tree?

2. This group is no longer a recognized taxon, or what, pertaining to a phylogenetic tree?

3. The broad similarities with other animals are a result of what?

4. This “trash-bin” grouping includes animals from what three clades (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

Paraphyletic, Clade, Convergence, Laurasiatheria/Euarchontoglires/Afrotheria

What are the six orders in the superorder Afrotheria?

Afrosoricida, Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Sirenia, Hyracoidea

Superorder Afrotheria - Order Afrosoricida - Family Tenrecidae (Characteristics)

1. This family lives in what three locations/regions (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. This family dispersed to which location/region ~55 million years ago, experiencing adpative radiation due to that isolation?

3. This family has what two traits/features, now considered ancestral? {Use /}

Madagascar/Comoro Islands/West Central Africa, Madagascar, Cloaca/Heterothermy

Superorder Afrotheria - Order Afrosoricida - Family Chrysochloridae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family is endemic to which location/region?

3. This family is specialized in burrowing, making their lifestyle highly what?

Golden Moles, Sub-Saharan Africa, Fossorial

Fossil Adapatations in Golden Moles (Family Chrysochloridae)

1. The ears lacked what, with the canal covered with hair?

2. The eyes are seen to be what, and are covered with hair and fur instead?

3. There is an auditory bulla present, with which part greatly enlarged in order to detect seismic signals?

4. Which digits of their limbs bore huge claws? {Use /}

Pinnae, Vestigial, Malleus, 2/3

Superorder Afrotheria - Order Macroscelidea - Family Macroscelididae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. The diet of this family is said to be opportunistically what?

3. This family has long, slender legs adapted for running, making their lifestyle primarily what?

Sengis, Omnivorous, Cursorial

Superorder Euarchontoglires - Order Dermoptera - Family Cynocephalidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. The patagium of this family is described as being what (two things)? {Use /}

3. This family is comprised of gliders, and not sole flyers, making their lifestyle primarily what?

4. This family is distributed across what part of which region?

5. The diet of this family is said to be what?

6. The lower incisors of this family is described as being what?

Colugos, Broad/Furred, Arboreal, Southeast Asia, Herbivorous, Pectinate

Superorder Euarchontoglires - Order Scandentia - Family Tupaiidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family is said to be active during which two periods (*Day/Twilight*)? {Use /}

3. The diet of this family is said to be what?

4. This family lives by its namesake, making their lifestyle primarily what?

5. This family had a high what value, making them once thought to be primates?

Tree Shrews, Dirunal/Crepuscular, Omnivorous, Arboreal, Encephalization Quotient

Superorder Euarchontoglires - Order Scadentia - Family Ptilocercidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family lives by its namesake, making their lifestyle primarily what?

3. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

4. The diet of this family is said to be omnivorous, but more focused on what substance?

5. This family is said to be an important pollinator of what plant?

Pen-Tailed Tree Shrews, Arboreal, Nocturnal, Nectar, Bertam Palm

The main order focused on in this class from superorder Laurasiatheria is Eulipotyphla. What are the four familes in this order?

Erinaceidae, Solenodontidae, Soricidae, Talpidae

Superorder Laurasiatheria - Order Eulipotyphla - Family Erinaceidae - Subfamily Erinaceinae (Characteristics)

1. This is the subfamily of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This subfamily lives in what three locations/regions (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

3. The diet of this subfamily is said to be what?

4. The hair of this subfamily is modified into what?

Hedgehogs, Europe/Asia/Africa, Omnivorous, Sharp Spines

Superorder Laurasiatheria - Order Eulipotyphla - Family Erinaceidae - Subfamily Galericinae (Characteristics)

1. This is the subfamily of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This subfamily lives in which two [moist] biomes of Southeast Asia? {Use /}

3. The hair of this subfamily is not spiny, but the hair is described as having what type of texture?

Gymnures, Jungles/Swamps, Coarse

Superorder Laurasiatheria - Order Eulipotyphla - Family Solenodontidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family is geographically restricted to what two locations/regions (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

3. This family is observed to have a groove in which tooth (reason is to transport toxin)?

4. The diet of this family is said to be what?

5. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

Solenodons, Cuba/Hispaniola, Second Lower Incisor, Omnivorous, Nocturnal

Superorder Laurasiatheria - Order Eulipotyphla - Family Soricidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family lives practically everywhere, besides what three locations/regions (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

3. The diet of this family is said to be what?

4. Due to the vast diversity of this family, there are three lifestyles they can be grouped into, which are what? {Use /}

True Shrews, Australia/South America/Polar, Insectivorous, Terrestrial/Semiaquatic/Semifossorial

Superorder Laurasiatheria - Order Eulipotyphla - Family Talpidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. This family lives across the Holarctic, which is the term encompassing what three locations/regions (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

3. This family is primarily built for burrowing, making their lifestyle mostly what?

4. This family senses prey with which organs present on their snouts?

Moles/Desmans, North America/Europe/Asia, Fossorial, Eimer’s

What are the two suborders in the order Primates?

Haplorhini, Strepsirrhini

What are the four familes (all endemic to Madagascar) in the suborder Strepsirrhini?

Cheirogaleidae, Lemuridae, Indriidae, Daubdentoniidae

What are the two families (not found on Madagascar) in the suborder Strepsirrhini?

Lorisidae, Galagidae

Stepsirrhinie Synapomorphies

1. This ‘wet nose’ which enhances olfaction.

2. A more lateral face.

3. The lower incisors and canines form a grooming cluster.

4. Present on the 2nd digit of the hind foot; used for grooming.

Naked Rhinarium, Comma-Shaped Nostrils, Toothcomb, Toilet Claw

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Cheirogaleidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. This family is endemic to which region (mentioned in the slides)? 

3. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

4. The diet of this family is said to be what?

5. This family is said to be a quadrapedal leaper, making them engaged in which lifestyle?

Mouse Lemurs/Dwarf Lemurs, Madagascar, Nocturnal, Omnivorous, Saltatorial

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Lemuridae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family is endemic to which region (mentioned in the slides)?

3. This family has a pollex and hallux that are both described as what?

4. The diet of this family is said to be either what? {Use /}

5. This family is said to be active during which two periods (*Day/Irregular Times*) {Use /}

Lemurs, Madagascar, Opposable, Herbivorous/Frugivorous, Diurnal/Cathemeral

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Lemuridae (Social Behavior)

1. Incredibly social, with troops up to how many individuals?

2. The hierarchy is dominated by which gender?

3. They have very elaborate communication in which sense?

4. In competition, the males engage in what type of fights?

20, Female, Olfactory, Stink Fights

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Indriidae (Characteristics)

1. This family is endemic to which region (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This is the family of what three animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

3. The diet of this family is said to primarily be what?

4. This family sticks to the trees as a result of their powerful jumps, making their lifestyle primarily what?

Madagascar, Woolly Lemurs/Sifakas/Indri, Folivorous, Arboreal

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Daubentoniidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family is endemic to which region (mentioned in the slides)?

3. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

4. The diet of this family is said to be what?

Aye-Aye, Madagascar, Nocturnal, Omnivorous

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Lorisidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. This family is considered slow climbers of trees, making their lifestyle primarily what?

3. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

4. The diet of this family is said to be omnivorous, but more specifically, what two primary descriptors? {Use /}

Pottos/Lorises, Arboreal, Nocturnal, Frugivorous/Gummivorous

Order Primates - Suborder Strepsirrhini - Family Galagidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family lives in which two biomes of continental Africa? {Use /}

3. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

4. This family consists of leapers with long hind limbs and tails to stick to the trees, making their lifestyle primarily what?

5. The diet of this family is said to be what?

Bushbabies, Forests/Woodlands, Nocturnal, Arboreal, Omnivorous

How is the placenta described when the maternal blood comes into contact with the fetal chorion?

Hemochorial

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Tarsiiformes - Family Tarsiidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family lives in which three regions of Southeast Asia (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

3. This family spends most of its day in the trees, making their lifestyle what?

4. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

5. The diet of this family is said to be what?

6. This family has which two bones of the leg fused together? {Use /}

7. This family has which two bones of the foot fused together? {Use /}

8. This family has huge, forward-facing eyes to compensate for the absence of what reflective layer?

Tarsiers, Borneo/Sumatra/Phillipines, Arboreal, Nocturnal, Insectivorous, Tibia/Fibula, Calcaneum/Navicular, Tapetum Lucidum

Of the suborder Haplorhini, what type of monkeys does the term ‘Platyrrhini’ refer to?

New World

What are the four familes in the order of New World monkeys?

Cebidae, Callitrichidae, Aotidae, Atelidae

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Cebidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family lives in which biome that ranges from South Mexico to North Argentina (mentioned in the slides)?

3. This family is adept at climbing, spending most of its time in the trees, making their lifestyle what?

4. The diet of this family is said to be what?

5. The tail of this family is said to be long, furred, and often what (suited for its environment)?

6. This family’s animals has multiple different partners, making it which type of mating system?

Capuchins/Squirrel Monkeys, Forests, Arboreal, Omnivorous, Prehensile, Promiscuous

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Callitrichidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. This family spends most of its time in the trees, making their lifestyle what?

3. The diet of this family is said to be what?

4. One notable trait of this family is that the hair on its face forms something akin to a what?

5. This family’s women has multiple husbands at the same time, making it which type of mating system?

6. In this family, fraternal twins are common as a result of a shared placenta, which is termed what?

7. Tail is not prehensile.

Marmosets/Tamarins, Arboreal, Omnivorous, Mustache, Polyandrous, Chimerism

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Aotidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family is said to be active during which period (*Night*)?

3. In this family, which gender is the primary infant caregiver?

4. Tail is not prehensile.

Night Monkeys, Nocturnal, Males

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Atelidae (Characteristics - Howler Monkeys)

1. The howler monkeys are said to have a long and what tail?

2. The howler monkeys’ fur is described as having what texture?

3. The howler monkeys’ men has multiple wives at the same time, making it which type of mating system?

4. One key feature of the howler monkeys is the inverse relationship between how loud the species are and the size of the what?

Prehensile, Coarse, Polygynous, Testes

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Atelidae (Characteristics - Spider Monkeys/Woolly Monkeys)

1. The spider monkeys/woolly monkeys are said to be exceptionally agile semi-brachiators (tree-swingers), making their lifestyle primarily what?

2. The spider monkeys/woolly monkeys are said to have a long and what tail, with a tactile pad?

3. This diet of the spider monkeys/woolly monkeys is said to be what?

Arboreal, Prehensile, Frugivorous

Of the suborder Haplorhini, what type of monkeys does the term ‘Catarrhini’ refer to?

Old World

What are the three families in the order of Old World monkeys?

Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae, Hominidae

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Cercopithecidae (Characteristics)

1. This family tends to spend most of their time either on the trees or on land, making their lifestyle either what? {Use /}

2. This family is said to be active during which period (*Day*)?

3. This family’s pollex and hallux are described as what?

4. This family is observed to have thickened, hardened areas of skin on the buttocks, termed what?

Arboreal/Terrestrial, Diurnal, Opposable, Ischial Callosities

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Hylobatidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what two animals (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family lives in what biome of Southeast Asia (mentioned in the slides)?

3. This family has extremely long forelimbs, as well as a ball-and-socket wrist joint, making them adapted for what?

4. This family lacks a tail.

5. The diet of this family is said to be what?

6. This family’s animals have only one partner at any given time, making it which type of mating system?

Gibbons/Siamang, Tropical Forests, Brachiation, Frugivorous, Monagamous

Order Primates - Suborder Haplorhini - Infraorder Simiiformes - Family Hominidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what five animals (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2. The fossil record for this family dates back to which period (18 - 20 mya)?

Humans/Chimpanzees/Bonobos/Orangutans/Gorillas, Miocene

The Great Apes - Behavior and Social Systems (Chimpanzees)

1. Have what type of socieities?

2. Possess the intelligence to make use of what?

3. Males form alliances in order to what?

Fission-Fusion, Tools, Hunt

The Great Apes - Behavior and Social Systems (Bonobos)

1. Has a female-dominated society, termed what?

2. Social bonds are maintained through what type of behaviors?

3. Posture observed is frequently what?

Matriarchy, Sexual, Bipedal

The Great Apes - Behavior and Social Systems (Gorillas)

1. Has one-male groups which is led by the dominant what?

2. The diet of this group is primarily what?

Silverback, Folivorous

The Great Apes - Behavior and Social Systems (Orangutans)

1. Spends most of their time in the trees, making their lifestyle what?

2. Possess the intelligence to make use of what?

Arboreal, Tools

Chiroptera (Characteristics)

1. How is it ranked regarding mammal order size?

2. Their diet is very diverse, consisting of what five things (mentioned in the slides)? {Use /}

2nd, Insects/Fruit/Nectar/Blood/Vertebrates

Of the species Onychonycteris, what evolved first - echolocation or flight?

1. Lack an enlarged what?

2. Had fully developed what?

Cochlea, Wings

Anatomy of a Bat

Propatagium
Calcar
Uropatagium
Plagiopatagium
Chiropatagium

Bat Aspect Ratio

1. Which aspect ratio is described with the following?:

   • Short and wide wings.

   • Good for slow, fluttering flight.

   • Good for gleaning.

2. Which aspect ratio is described with the following?:

   • Broad and narrow wings.

   • Good for fast, enduring flight.

   • Good for hawking.

Low, High

What are the two suborders in the order Chiroptera?

Pteropodiformes, Vespertilioniformes

Order Chiroptera - Suborder Pteropodiformes - Family Pteropodidae (Characteristics)

1. This is the family of what animal (mentioned in the slides)?

2. This family consists of non-echolocating bats.

3. This family lacks which part of the ear?

4. This family has how many clawed wing digits?

5. The diet of this family typically consists of which three things? {Use /}

Flying Fox, Tragus, 2, Fruit/Nectar/Pollen

Order Chiroptera - Suborder Pteropodiformes - Family Pteropodidae (Hammer-Headed Bats)

1. The hammer-headed bats’ males form what along river clearings?

2. The hammer-headed bats exhibit strong sexual dimporphism, where the males are said to be how much larger than the females?

3. The hammer-headed male bats are observed to have an enlarged what for loud calls?

Communal Leks, Twice, Larynx

Echolocation (Types)

1. This type of emission uses lips like megaphones; has a wider beam, which is good for open-air foraging.

2. This type of emission has elaborate fleshy structures on their noses (horseshoe-like structures/noseleaves); has a narrow beam, which is good in cluttered environments.

Mouth, Face

Echolocation (Characteristics)

1. Most bats produce sound in which part of their throat?

2. The reflected sound provides information to the bats about objects.

3. There are brief pulses of sounds, which range up to how many milliseconds in duration?

Larynx, 100