BIO242: Exam 1

Chapters 1, 3, and 4

describe one new thing you learned from the beginning of chapter 1.

cork comes from oak trees

explain two important reasons that life on earth is dependent on green organisms.

they convert sun energy into usable energy for plants and animals, and they produce oxygen and remove CO2 from the air we breathe

list five different plant products

paper, lumber, medicine, food, clothing

explain what the quote means

we need to learn how to use and maximize all the benefits of plants to continue living on earth. this means we have to utilize plant resources for food and as a removal method for the anthropogenic activities that are constantly polluting the earth.

plant anatomy

structure of plants

plant physiology

functions of plants

plant taxonomy and systematics

defining/classifying/naming plants

plant geography

plant distribution

plant morphology

structure and shape/form of plants

economic botany and ethnobotany

practical application of plants and plant products

describe the compound light microscope.

it uses light and can magnify up to 30x

describe the transmission electron microscope.

it uses the beam of an electron and high-voltage electricity to magnify up to 200,000x

stereoscope magnification

1500x

scanning magnification

10,000x

do plants have eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? explain.

eukaryotic cells, they have complex organelles and were derived from prokaryotic cells

explain the endosymbiotic theory.

endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells come from prokaryotic cells. plant cells grew mitochondria and chloroplasts when they engulfed the prokaryotic cells.

define protoplasm

all living components in a cell

what structure is located between neighboring cells and facilitates communication between cells?

plasmodesmata

cell wall

outer layer of cell, protects and supports cell

plasma membrane

semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer, boundary that supports cell and regulates movement

nucleus

control center for the cell, holds DNA and sends coded messages and permits transportation

endoplasmic reticulum

network of tubes that facilitate communication and transportation throughout the cell and synthesizes proteins

ribosomes

contains RNA and proteins, links amino acids for protein building and synthesis

dictyosomes

(golgi bodies) synthesize, package, and store carbohydrates in ER

chloroplasts

contain grana, thylakoid, chlorophylls, and stroma. where photosynthesis occurs/where they get their green from

chromoplasts

synthesizes carotenoids - reds, yellows, oranges (plastids)

leucoplasts

synthesize starches and oils - colorless

mitochondria

release ATP from cellular respiration

microbodies

small, spherical bodies that contain specialized enzymes

vacuoles

90% volume, filled with fluid called sap, stores metabolites and waste, regulates cell

cytoskeleton

contains microtubules and microfilaments that aid in movement within the cell and in a cell’s architecture

describe one fun fact you learned about the paper industry.

paper was invented by the Chinese around 105 A.D. and was kept a secret for many years

meristem

permanent regions of growth where cells actively divide

primary growth

primary tissues grow in length

secondary growth

secondary tissues grow in girth/width

name a meristem responsible for primary growth.

apical meristem

name a meristem that can produce secondary growth.

lateral meristem

what meristem do grasses have that enables them to grow despite mowing?

intercalary meristem

how does a simple tissue differ from a complex tissue?

simple tissues have only one type of cell while complex tissues have two or more types of cells

parenchyma

thin, pliable wall, long-living, living cytoplasm, large vacuoles (parenchyma cells)

sclerenchyma

tough, thick, secondary wall that protects (sclerenchyma cells)

xylem

conducts water and minerals from roots (parenchyma, fibers, vessels, ray cells, tracheids)

collenchyma

living cytoplasm, may live long, thick cell walls with uneven thickness and are pliable and strong (collenchyma cells)

phloem

conducts food material from photosynthesis (fibers, sieve tube members, companion cells, ray cells, parenchyma cells)

guard cells

are located in epidermis tissue and aid in gas exchange

periderm

replaces epidermis when cork cambium produces new tissues (cork cells and parenchyma cells)

how are the parts of a plant like those of a house?

• genes - blueprints because they are the genetic makeup much like the outline of a house plan

• roots - the foundation of a house because they are firmly placed in the ground and build up from there.

• pores - windows of a house because they allow things to go in and out / connect the inside of a house/cell to the outside.

• cell wall - walls of a house because they are the protective layer that borders the inside.