9-7 p1

enactment

/ɪˈnækt.mənt/ noun

The process of passing a law or act

sự ban hành (luật)

Origin: Latin enactare = to make into law

Pattern: law enactment, enactment of policy

Ex: The enactment of new environmental laws has had a positive effect.

Syn: implementation, legislation

Form: enact (v)

Relate: law, regulation

indispensable constituent

/ˌɪn.dɪˈspens.ə.bəl kənˈstɪt.ju.ənt/ noun phrase

An essential component of something

thành phần không thể thiếu

Origin: Latin indispensabilis, constituere

Pattern: indispensable role, essential constituent

Ex: Education is an indispensable constituent of national development.

Syn: essential, integral

Form: —

Relate: element, component

refinement

/rɪˈfaɪn.mənt/ noun

Improvement or polishing of something

sự tinh chế, cải tiến

Origin: French raffiner = to purify

Pattern: process of refinement, cultural refinement

Ex: Technological refinements have improved production efficiency.

Syn: improvement, enhancement

Form: refine (v), refined (adj)

Relate: advancement

apparel

/əˈpær.əl/ noun

Clothing, especially formal or commercial use

trang phục

Origin: Old French apareil = preparation

Pattern: formal apparel, sports apparel

Ex: Traditional apparel is often worn during cultural festivals.

Syn: clothing, garments

Form: —

Relate: attire, outfit

virtue

/ˈvɜː.tʃuː/ noun

Moral excellence or a good quality

đức tính, phẩm chất tốt

Origin: Latin virtus = manliness, moral excellence

Pattern: moral virtue, public virtue

Ex: Patience is considered a virtue in many cultures.

Syn: merit, goodness

Form: virtuous (adj)

Relate: morality, ethics

embrace

/ɪmˈbreɪs/ verb

To accept, welcome, or hug something/someone

đón nhận, ôm chặt

Origin: Old French embracer = to clasp

Pattern: embrace change, embrace culture

Ex: It's important to embrace new experiences when studying abroad.

Syn: accept, adopt

Form: embraced, embracing

Relate: acceptance

threshold

/ˈθreʃ.həʊld/ noun

The entry point or starting level of something

ngưỡng, mức bắt đầu

Origin: Old English þrescold

Pattern: income threshold, pain threshold

Ex: The country has reached the threshold of economic recovery.

Syn: limit, boundary

Form: —

Relate: level, entry point

deduce

/dɪˈdjuːs/ verb

To reach a conclusion from reasoning or evidence

suy luận, suy ra

Origin: Latin deducere = lead down

Pattern: deduce from facts, logically deduce

Ex: We can deduce from the data that crime rates are falling.

Syn: infer, conclude

Form: deduced, deducing

Relate: deduction (n), deductive

rite of passage

/raɪt əv ˈpæs.ɪdʒ/ noun phrase

Ceremony or event marking an important stage in life

nghi lễ/biến cố đánh dấu trưởng thành

Origin: —

Pattern: cultural rite of passage, traditional rite

Ex: University graduation is considered a rite of passage in many cultures.

Syn: initiation, milestone

Form: —

Relate: transition, adulthood

forego

/fɔːˈɡəʊ/ verb

To give up or do without something

từ bỏ

Origin: Old English forgān = to go before

Pattern: forego a benefit, forego luxury

Ex: She decided to forego dessert to stay healthy.

Syn: give up, renounce

Form: forewent, foregone

Relate: sacrifice, abandon

divine

/dɪˈvaɪn/ adjective

Related to God or very beautiful

thiêng liêng, tuyệt mỹ

Origin: Latin divinus = of a god

Pattern: divine power, divine intervention

Ex: The temple was believed to be under divine protection.

Syn: sacred, godly

Form: divinely (adv), divinity (n)

Relate: spiritual, holy

deity

/ˈdeɪ.ə.ti/ noun

A god or goddess

vị thần

Origin: Latin deus = god

Pattern: worship a deity, Hindu deities

Ex: Many ancient cultures worshipped multiple deities.

Syn: god, divinity

Form: —

Relate: religion, idol

mounting

/ˈmaʊn.tɪŋ/ adj (before noun)

Increasing, especially in a worrying way

ngày càng tăng (về mức độ nghiêm trọng)

Origin: from "mount" (tăng lên)

Pattern: mounting pressure, mounting concern

Ex: There is mounting pressure on the government to act.

Syn: rising, growing

Form: mount (v)

Relate: escalation, build-up

to become a global citizen

— verb phrase

To identify as part of the global community

trở thành công dân toàn cầu

Origin: —

Pattern: become a global thinker/citizen

Ex: Learning foreign languages helps you become a global citizen.

Syn: —

Form: —

Relate: international, multicultural

to sharpen my memory

— verb phrase

To improve the ability to remember

cải thiện trí nhớ

Origin: —

Pattern: sharpen memory, sharpen mental skills

Ex: Playing puzzles helps sharpen my memory.

Syn: enhance, improve

Form: —

Relate: brain, cognition

to have great exposure to...

— verb phrase

To experience a lot of something

được tiếp xúc rộng rãi với...

Origin: —

Pattern: exposure to new cultures/ideas

Ex: Studying abroad offers great exposure to different cultures.

Syn: encounter, immersion

Form: —

Relate: culture, environment

to advance my career

— verb phrase

To progress in one's profession

phát triển sự nghiệp

Origin: —

Pattern: advance a career, career advancement

Ex: Learning English helps me advance my career.

Syn: progress, promote

Form: —

Relate: profession, development

at an early age

— phrase

When someone is still very young

từ khi còn nhỏ

Origin: —

Pattern: learn at an early age

Ex: Children can absorb languages more easily at an early age.

Syn: young, childhood

Form: —

Relate: early learning, development

to bring the ease of communication

— verb phrase

To make communication easier

giúp giao tiếp dễ dàng hơn

Origin: —

Pattern: bring ease to communication

Ex: Technology brings the ease of communication across countries.

Syn: facilitate, enhance

Form: —

Relate: interaction, language

to do away with language barrier

— verb phrase

To eliminate the difficulty in language

xóa bỏ rào cản ngôn ngữ

Origin: —

Pattern: do away with obstacles/barriers

Ex: Translation tools help do away with language barriers.

Syn: remove, eliminate

Form: —

Relate: communication, understanding

tension

/ˈten.ʃən/ noun

A state of mental strain or hostility

căng thẳng

Origin: Latin tensio = to stretch

Pattern: political tension, muscle tension

Ex: There is growing tension between the two countries.

Syn: stress, pressure

Form: tense (adj), tensely (adv)

Relate: strain, anxiety

intensify

/ɪnˈten.sɪ.faɪ/ verb

To become more intense or make something stronger

làm tăng lên, trầm trọng hơn

Origin: Latin intensus = strong

Pattern: intensify efforts/conflict/feelings

Ex: The storm is expected to intensify overnight.

Syn: heighten, worsen

Form: intensified, intensifying

Relate: escalation, strengthen

intervention

/ˌɪn.təˈven.ʃən/ noun

Action to improve or change a situation

sự can thiệp

Origin: Latin intervenire = come between

Pattern: government intervention, timely intervention

Ex: Early intervention can prevent learning difficulties.

Syn: interference, involvement

Form: intervene (v)

Relate: policy, aid

hatchling

/ˈhætʃ.lɪŋ/ noun

A young animal that has just hatched

con non vừa nở

Origin: hatch + -ling

Pattern: turtle hatchling, bird hatchling

Ex: Hatchlings instinctively move toward the sea.

Syn: newborn

Form: hatch (v)

Relate: chick, offspring

flourish

/ˈflʌr.ɪʃ/ verb

To grow or develop in a healthy way

phát triển mạnh

Origin: Latin florere = to bloom

Pattern: flourish in business/environment

Ex: Startups flourish in supportive ecosystems.

Syn: thrive, prosper

Form: flourished, flourishing

Relate: growth, success

trauma

/ˈtrɔː.mə/ noun

Severe emotional or physical shock

chấn thương

Origin: Greek trauma = wound

Pattern: emotional trauma, psychological trauma

Ex: War veterans often suffer long-term trauma.

Syn: shock, wound

Form: traumatic (adj), traumatised (adj)

Relate: injury, PTSD

war veteran

/ˈwɔː ˌvet.ər.ən/ noun

Someone who has served in the military

cựu chiến binh

Origin: Latin veteranus = old

Pattern: war veteran support/honour

Ex: The country honors its war veterans on national holidays.

Syn: ex-soldier

Form: veteran (n)

Relate: soldier, army

aftermath

/ˈɑːf.tə.mæθ/ noun

Consequences following an event

hậu quả, di chứng

Origin: Old English mæth = mowing

Pattern: aftermath of war/disaster

Ex: The aftermath of the earthquake left thousands homeless.

Syn: consequence, result

Form: —

Relate: outcome, impact

irritable

/ˈɪr.ɪ.tə.bəl/ adjective

Easily annoyed or upset

dễ cáu

Origin: Latin irritare = provoke

Pattern: become irritable, irritable mood

Ex: Lack of sleep makes people irritable.

Syn: moody, short-tempered

Form: irritably (adv), irritation (n)

Relate: anger, frustration

susceptible

/səˈsep.tə.bəl/ adjective

Likely to be affected by something

dễ bị ảnh hưởng

Origin: Latin suscipere = to take

Pattern: susceptible to disease/influence

Ex: Children are more susceptible to infections.

Syn: vulnerable, prone

Form: susceptibility (n)

Relate: sensitivity, exposure

dissociation

/dɪˌsəʊ.siˈeɪ.ʃən/ noun

Disconnection between thoughts, identity or surroundings

sự cách ly

Origin: Latin dissociare = to separate

Pattern: mental dissociation, social dissociation

Ex: Dissociation is common in cases of trauma.

Syn: separation, detachment

Form: dissociate (v), dissociative (adj)

Relate: divide, break

heighten

/ˈhaɪ.tən/ verb

To increase or make something stronger

làm tăng, nâng cao

Origin: from "high"

Pattern: heighten awareness/risk/senses

Ex: Public campaigns aim to heighten awareness of climate change.

Syn: intensify, increase

Form: heightened, heightening

Relate: raise, enhance

outburst

/ˈaʊt.bɜːst/ noun

A sudden expression of emotion or action

sự bộc phát

Origin: out + burst

Pattern: emotional outburst, violent outburst

Ex: His angry outburst shocked everyone.

Syn: eruption, explosion

Form: —

Relate: burst, reaction

relapse

/ˈriː.læps/ noun/verb

Return of an illness or bad condition after improvement

tái phát

Origin: Latin relabi = to slip back

Pattern: relapse into depression/addiction

Ex: She suffered a relapse after months of recovery.

Syn: setback, deterioration

Form: relapsed, relapsing

Relate: recurrence, return