14- Bandura

Social Cognitive Theory

takes chance encounters and fortuitous events seriously, even while recognizing that these meetings and events do not invariably alter one’s life path.

Plasticity

humans have the flexibility to learn a variety of behaviors in diverse situation

Triadic behavioral causation model

includes behavioral, environmental, and personal factors, people have the capacity to regulate their lives.

Agentic perspective

humans have the capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of their lives

Self-efficacy

the confidence that they can perform those behaviors that will produce desired behaviors in a particular situation.

Proxy agency

able to rely on others for goods and services

Collective efficacy

people’s shared beliefs that they can bring about change

External factors

people’s physical and social environments

Internal factors

include self-observation, judgmental process, and self-reaction

Moral agency

when people find themselves in morally ambiguous situations, they typically attempt to regulate their behavior through

Modeling

Core of observational learning

Modeling

involves adding and subtracting from the observed behavior and generalizing from one observation to another. In other words, - involves cognitive processes and is not simply mimicry or imitation.

• Attention

• Representation

• Behavioral production

• Motivation

Processes that govern observational learning

Observational learning and enactive learning

new behaviors are acquired thro two major kinds of learning:

Enactive learning

allows people to acquire new patterns of complex behavior through direct experience by thinking about and evaluating the consequences

• Environment

• Behavior

• Person

Three variables in the triadic reciprocal causation model

Person

such cognitive factors as memory, anticipation, planning, and judging

Chance encounter

an unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other

Fortuitous event

environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended.

Human agency

essence of humanness

• Intentionality

• Forethought

• Self-reactiveness

• Self-reflectiveness

Four core features of human agency

intentionality

refers to acts a person performs intentionally.

includes planning, but it also involves action

Intentionality

is not simply an expectation or prediction of future actions but a proactive commitment to bringing them about

Forethought

to set goals, to anticipate likely outcomes of their actions, and to select behaviors that will produce desired outcomes and avoid undesirable ones.

Self-reflectiveness

They are examiners of their own functioning; they can think about and evaluate their motivations, values, and the meanings of their life goals, and they can think about the adequacy of their own thinking.

Self-efficacy

most crucial self-reflective mechanism

Self-efficacy

their beliefs that they are capable of performing actions that will produce a desired effect.

Self-efficacy

people’s beliefs in their capability to exercise some measure of control over their own functioning and over environmental events”

Outcome expectations

refers to one’s prediction of the likely consequences of that behavior.

Mastery

most influential sources of self-efficacy, that refers to past performances

Vicarious experiences

a source of efficacy is social modeling, that is - provided by other people