human development (unit 1-7)

Plasticity

the malleability or changeability of development

Vernessa is working on her master’s degree in behavioral health. She is interested in adolescents who are most likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex and alcohol and drug use. She plans to conduct a study of 20,000 teenagers across the country to identify trends in high-risk behaviors. Which method of data collection would be best suited for this type of study?

questionnaires

Applied developmental science

a field of study that examines the lifelong developmental interactions among individuals and their contexts

culture

the beliefs, values, customs, and skills of a group

Susan is reluctant to engage with other people, asks few questions, and rarely interacts with her environment. What type of role is she taking in her development?

passive

Ethical codes of conduct state that researchers must obtain what type of consent from each participant, which states their informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate?

informed

Sequential research designs combine the best features of which two types of research?

cross-sectional and longitudinal

reciprocal determinism

concept of how individuals and the environment interact and influence each other

an adolescent experiencing puberty is an example of…

discontinuous change

An intersectional perspective ______ inequities in power, opportunity, and privilege.

draws attention to

What is the ethical principle that involves notifying parents about research and requiring them to reply if they do not want their child to participate?

passive consent

Who is credited as the “father” of the psychoanalytic perspective?

Sigmund Freud

Dr. Watson studies cross-cultural differences in body maturation and growth, including differences in body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. What type of development is Dr. Watson studying?

physical

What’s true of continuous and discontinuous

Physical growth is both continuous and discontinuous

the epigenetic framework

the term used to describe the dynamic interplay between heredity and environment?

what does XX and XY mean?

female and male

What contextual factor often co-occurs with prenatal substance abuse?

poverty

What often happens when serious defects occur during the embryonic period?

The serious defects result in spontaneous abortion

Children who were prenatally exposed to heavy metals…

score lower on cognitive ability and intelligence and have higher rates of childhood illness

An infant is classified as low birth weight when they weigh less than ______.

5.5 pounds

hemophilia

the condition in which blood does not clot normally

gene-environment correlation

many of our traits are supported by both our genes and environment

Which of the following changes to the human body occurs during the fetal period?

the legs kick

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for which of the following?

poor academic achievement and social problems

What is the term for an agent that causes damage to prenatal development?

teratogen

Which of these is a dominant trait: blue eyes, type O blood, straight hair, dark hair?

dark hair

True or False: Fragile X syndrome occurs more often in males than females

True

Apgar scale

the screening administered to newborns after birth to assess their immediate health

canalization

the tendency of heredity to narrow the range of development to only one or a few outcomes

What factor is associated with both free radicals and the shortening of telomeres?

stress

True or False: Today’s children grow slower than ever before, and the average adult is shorter today than a century ago.

False

True or False: Younger menopausal women age 50-59 (or within 10 years of menopause) show benefits of Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).

True

Which chemicals are produced and secreted into the bloodstream by glands, influence cells, and are a way in which genetic instructions are transformed into physical development?

hormones

Which growth pattern explains why an infant’s head at birth is one-third the size of its body?

cephalocaudal

Women are born with about how many ova.?

400,000

What is the first outward sign of puberty?

growth spurt during adolescence

free radicals

highly reactive and corrosive substances that form when cells are exposed to oxygen

What does research indicate about picky eating?

It may be a relatively stable individual trait

an asynchronous pattern of growth in adolescents contributes to what?

a temporary increase in clumsiness

How do health care professionals determine whether a woman is experiencing menopause?

cessation of ovulation and menstruation

senescence

the pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning

Why do most babies find it easier to digest breast milk than formula?

A mother’s milk is specifically tailored to her infant

True or False: Growth of body hair is a pubertal change to a primary sex characteristic

False

Why is it important that women take menopausal hormone therapy?

It reduces the risk of osteoporosis and some cancers

presbyopia

farsightedness

Preterm infants reach motor milestones later than do full-term infants. What does this supported by?

The maturational view of motor development

dendrites

the part of the neuron that has receptors that receive chemical messages

reflex behaviors

the term for involuntary and innate responses to stimuli

depth perception

the ability to recognize the distance of objects from ourselves

Which part of the brain plays a role in fear, reward, aggression, and sexual behavior?

amygdala

Vascular dementia

2nd most common form, loss of mental ability in older adulthood

Which type of sounds do older adults who experience hearing loss report they can’t hear?

high-pitched sounds

gross motor development

the development of the ability to control the large movements of the body such as walking and jumping

The brain is made up of billions of which type of cell?

neurons

True or False: Practice can speed the development of motor skills

True

myelination and pruning

the parts of brain development responsible for improvements in memory, attention, and processing speed

How do we know that intermodal perception, which combines information from our various sensory systems to help us understand the world, is evident at birth?

because neonates have demonstrated the ability to show a preference for viewing their mother’s face

In the part of the brain where Parkinson’s occurs, which neurotransmitter is produced?

Dopamine

True or False: Lateralization begins in toddlerhood and is influenced exclusively by genetic factors.

False

Approximately what percentage of girls under the age of 19 are affected by anorexia?

2%

diabetes

the disease that occurs when the body is unable to regulate glucose levels

What is the most common cause of death in children ages 5 to 19?

drowning

What happens when adolescents engage in regular physical activity?

Adolescents show better cognitive function, including selective attention, processing speed, and general self-efficacy

What percentage of physical abuse and neglect perpetrators are the parents of the effected child?

Over 90%

What treatments can decrease habitual binge eating and vomiting?

individual- and family-based therapy

Men experience less extreme bone loss than women because…

decreases in testosterone occur gradually

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans advise that all children get at least _______ of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily.

60 minutes

Why is bulimia typically more responsive to treatment than anorexia?

Those with the disorder usually acknowledge that their behavior is unhealthy.

True or False: Children born premature are at greater risk for child maltreatment

True

Research on the prevention and treatment of illness in adults has largely ignored which populations?

women and minorities

What is a common sleep problem for children?

nightmares

At what age is a child most likely to die from maltreatment?

under age 3

True or False: Chronic disease is responsible for the largest health risks that adolescents and young adults face

False

Why are falls such a serious hazard for older adults?

The natural loss of bone and high prevalence of osteoporosis increase the risk of bone fractures, especially hip fractures.

What is this an example of: Mika kicks his legs while lying in his crib to make a mobile move.

secondary circular reactions

secondary circular reactions

Baby repeats actions that make something happen in their environment

Schema

Piaget’s term for the concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting on the world that children develop as they organize what they learn by engaging with the world

epistemic cognition

The ways in which individuals understand how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions

What happens during the concrete operational stage of reasoning?

children gain the capacity to use logic to solve problems but still are unable to apply logic to abstract and hypothetical situations

According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, much of children’s learning comes from what?

Collaborating with others

What does Piaget’s pendulum task test?

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Egocentrism

the inability to take another person’s point of view

What area of development is influenced by an infant’s ability to understand object permanence?

the ability to learn language

What is the ability to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories?

classification

How does disequilibrium lead to cognitive growth?

Individuals experience a mismatch between existing schemas and reality, which is confusing, so they are motivated to modify their cognitive schemas to match reality.

True or False: Experience making decisions significantly influences the development of postformal reasoning.

True

Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding

a form of temporary support that permits a child to bridge the gap between his or her current competence level and the task at hand

A key difference between concrete operational thinking and formal operational thinking is that children in the former stage think about ______, whereas adolescents in the latter stage think about ______.

things, ideas

centration

the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others

at what age does an infant develop object permanence?

8-12 months

Episodic memory

the memory of events and information acquired during those events

When asked about her bedtime routine, 4-year-old Zoe says, “I put on my jammies, we brush teeth, and then read a book.” Zoe’s description is an example of what?

automatic responses

metacognition

knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind

long-term memory

an unlimited store that holds information indefinitely in the information processing system

sensory memory…

holds sensory input in its original form

Following winter break, Ms. Young asks her preschool class what they did over the holidays. What aspect of her students is Ms. Young assessing?

episodic memory

What are individuals engaging in when they compensate for declines in cognitive reserve or energy by narrowing their goals and selecting activities that will permit them to maximize their strengths and existing capacities?

selective optimization with compensation

Do infants show more attentiveness to dynamic or static stimuli?

Dynamic

myelination

(glial cells coat axons of neurons with fatty myelin) responsible for improvements in processing speed in children and adolescents

the central executive

part of the information processing system that is considered to be a control processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem solving