Chapter 10 - Cardiovascular/Lymphatic System

Vessel/blood vessel

angi/o

artery, arteries

arteri/o

aorta

aort/o

Yellowish, fatty plaque

ather/o

atrium

atri/o

sound

ech/o

plug

embol/o

deficiency, blockage

isch/o

lymph, lymph tissue

lymph/o

immune system

immun/o

heart

cardi/o

electricity/electrical activity

electr/o

lymph node

lymphaden/o

vein

phleb/o, ven/o

spleen

splen/o

thymus gland

thym/o

bone marrow (also spinal cord)

myel/o

plasma

plasm/o

blood clot

thromb/o

valve

valvul/o

slow

brady

removal

apheresis

excessive flow

rrhage

ventricle

ventricul/o

all, total

pan

abnormal reduction in number

penia

hardening

sclerosis

abdomen, abdominal cavity

abdomin/o

Aneruysm

Ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

Angina pectoris

Chest pain, insufficient blood supply to the heart

arrhythmia

Any disturbance/abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

Cardiac temponade

Acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein in the body

fibrillation

Rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles, causing cardiac arrhythmia

intermittent claudication

Condition of pain, tension, and weakness in a limb that starts when walking, and resolves when the patient is at rest

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen from interrupted blood supply (heart attack)

Peripheral artery disease

Disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery

Artificial cardiac pacemaker

Battery powered apparatus used to treat abnormal heart rhythm (too fast or too slow) - always at work

Catheter ablation

Procedure in which abnormal cells trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed using a device that heats or freezes

Automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

*Device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm*. Device can deliver an electric shock to return the heart to a normal rhythm.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Procedure where a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to an area where plaque has formed. When balloon is inflated, the vessel wall expands, and allows for blood to flow more easily

Sphygmomanometer

Device used to measure blood pressure

defibrillation

Application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

bruit

A sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibrations in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow - *caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery*

C-reactive protein

Blood test that measures c-reactive protein in the blood - when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Blood test that measures creatine phosphokinase *(an enzyme of the heart and skeletal muscles released into the blood after injury or necrosis)* - used to evaluate myocardial infarction

lipid profile

Blood test used to measure type/amount of lipids in blood - used to assess risk for cardiovascular disease

Types of lipids:

* Cholesterol - healthy amount necessary for production of sex hormones, cell membranes, steriods
* High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - removes cholesterol from the tissues and transports it to the liver - “good” cholesterol
* Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - transports cholesterol to the tissue and deposits it to the walls of the arteries - “bad" cholesterol
* Triglycerides (TGS) - a form of fat in the blood - used to assess risk of coronary artery disease

Pericardium

Two sac layer surrounding the heart

Epicardium

Outer lining of the heart

Myocardium

Middle, thick muscular layer of the heart

Endocardium

Inner lining of the heart

Arteries (fxn)

Blood vessels that carry blood *away* from the heart

Aorta (fxn)

Largest artery in the body

Venae cavae (fxn)

Largest veins in the body

Veins (fxn)

Carry blood *back to* the heart

Plasma (fxn)

* About 55% of total blood volume
* 90% water

Lymph nodes (fxn)

Small, spherical bodies composed to lymphoid tissue

Lymph (fxn)

Transparent tissue fluid, flows in a one way direction toward the heart

Spleen (fxn)

Stores blood and destroys worn out blood cells

thymus gland

One of the primary lymphatic organs

* Aids in body’s development of the immune system from infancy through puberty

ACS

Acute coronary syndrome

Sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply in the heart

Aneurysm

Ballooning of a weakened portion of the arterial wall

Angina pectoris

Chest pain, occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

arrhythmia

any disturbance/abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

Cardiac arrest

Sudden cessation of cardiac output/effective circulation

* Requires CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

Cardiac temponade

Acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the *pericardial cavity*

CAD

Coronary artery disease

* Condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium - may progress
* Common cause of heart failure

Cor pulmonale

Enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

DVT

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Condition of thrombus (clot) in a deep vein in the body

fibrillation

Rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria/ventricles - causing cardiac arrhythmia

HHD

Hypertensive heart disease

* Persistent high blood pressure

HF

Heart failure

MI

Myocardial infaraction - heart attack

PAD

Peripheral artery disease

* Disease of arteries in arms/legs - narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery

Varicose veins

Distended veins found in the lower extremities

Rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle/heart valves caused by rheumatic fever

AICD

Automatic Implantable cardiac defibrillator

* Implanted device that constantly monitors the heart rhythm
* Can deliver electric shocks to remedy arrhythmia

CABG

Coronary artery bypass graft

* Surgical technique to bring new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

PTCA

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

* Procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to an area where plaque has formed

DSA

Digital subtraction angioplasty

* Subtracts structures not being studied

SPECT

Single-photon emission computed tomography

* Shows function of organs

TEE

Transesophageal echocardiogram

* Probe is placed in esophagus to view heart structures

BP

Blood pressure

Sphygmnanometer

device used for measuring blood pressure

CRP

C-reactive protein

CPK

Creatine phosphokinase

bruit

Sound heard over an artery during auscultation

* Caused by the abnormal narrowing of an artery

HDL

High-density lipoprotein

“Good cholesterol”

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein

“Bad cholesterol”

anemia

Condition where there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs)

bone marrow aspiration vs bone marrow biopsy

Aspiration: Obtain a sample of *liquid* portion of bone marrow

Biopsy: Obtain a sample of the *solid* portion of bone marrow

aPTT

Activated partial thromboplastin time

* Blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing intrinsic blood factors

Hct

Hematocrit

* % of blood sample composed to erythrocytes

Hgb

Hemoglobin

* Measures the amount of hemoglobin (protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen)

PT/INR

Prothrombin time

* Measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing extrinsic blood factors

BMT

Bone marrow transplant

PBSCT

Peripheral blood stem cell transplant

anticoagulant

agent that slows the blood clotting process

blood dyscrasia

Any abnormal or pathologic condition in the blood

extravasation

Escape of blood/other fluid from a vessel into the tissue