AP Psychology - Unit 6

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
full-widthCall with Kai
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/52

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

53 Terms

1
New cards

developmental psychology

branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

2
New cards

zygote

fertilized egg; enters a period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

3
New cards

embryo

developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

4
New cards

fetus

developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

5
New cards

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

6
New cards

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking; can cause noticeable facial misproportions in severe cases

7
New cards

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; interest in visual stimuli wanes

8
New cards

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by behavior

9
New cards

cognition

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

10
New cards

schema

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

11
New cards

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms or our existing schemas

12
New cards

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

13
New cards

sensorimotor stage

stage (birth-2yrs) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

14
New cards

object permanence

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

15
New cards

preoperational stage

stage (2-6/7yrs) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

16
New cards

conservation

the principle (believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties, such as mass, volume, and number, remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

17
New cards

egocentrism

preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

18
New cards

theory of mind

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states (feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict)

19
New cards

concrete operational stage

stage of cognitive development (6/7-11 yrs) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

20
New cards

formal operational stage

stage of cognitive development (12+yrs) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

21
New cards

autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

22
New cards

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants often display beginning by about 8mo

23
New cards

attachment

emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

24
New cards

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

25
New cards

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

26
New cards

temperament

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

27
New cards

basic trust

sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers (Erik Erikson)

28
New cards

self-concept

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

29
New cards

gender

biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and other identities

30
New cards

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

31
New cards

X chromosome

sex chromosome found in both men and women

32
New cards

Y chromosome

sex chromosome found only in males

33
New cards

testosterone

most important male sex hormone; the additional amounts males have stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

34
New cards

role

set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

35
New cards

gender role

set of expected behaviors for males or females

36
New cards

gender identity

sense of being male, female, or another gender

37
New cards

gender typing

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

38
New cards

social learning theory

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

39
New cards

adolescence

transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

40
New cards

puberty

period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

41
New cards

primary sex characteristics

body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

42
New cards

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive characteristics (breasts, hips, voice, body hair)

43
New cards

menarche

the first menstrual period

44
New cards

identity

our sense of self; the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles (Erikson)

45
New cards

social identity

“we” aspect of our self-concept; “who am I?” answer that comes from our group memberships

46
New cards

intimacy

ability to form close, loving relationships; primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

47
New cards

emerging adulthood

a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence (responsible adulthood)

48
New cards

menopause

time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

49
New cards

cross-sectional study

study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

50
New cards

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over time

51
New cards

crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age

52
New cards

fluid intelligence

ability to reason quickly and abstractly; decreases during late adulthood

53
New cards

social clock

culturally preferred timing of social events