AP Human Geography 7a Vocab

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Adolescent fertility rate

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19.

agglomeration (economies)

Occur where firms cluster spatially in order to take advantage of geographic concentrations of skilled labor and industry suppliers, specialized infrastructure, and ease of face-to-face contact with industry participants

Back office

An office or center in which the administrative work of a business is carried out, as opposed to its dealings with customers. Type of business service found in peripheral regions is also known as business process outsourcing.

break of bulk point

A location where cargo is transferred from one mode of transportation to another

bulk-gaining industries

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

bulk-reducing industries

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Capital

wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value.

commodities

A primary agricultural product or raw material that is bought, sold, and traded

commodity chains

link production and consumption of agricultural products. A commodity chain is a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.

Containerization

The system of intermodal freight transport using shipping containers

Core-periphery model(World Systems Theory)

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior (to the Industrial Revolution.

deglomeration

The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances or increasing costs due to competition.

deindustrialized

The decline, and sometimes complete disappearance, of employment in the manufacturing sector in the core's industrial centers

dependency theory

The theory that the periphery is poor because it was economically dependent on the core in a disadvantageous relationship originally established under colonialism and imperialism

Developed country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

Developing country

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

Development

A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Female labor force participation rate

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs in the formal economy outside the home.

footloose industry

one which is not tied to any particular location or country and can relocate to another place without effect from factors of production such as resources, land, labor, and capital.

formal (sector) economy

The part of the economy that is officially recorded with the government

free-trade zones (FTZs)

Specially designated duty-free area that provides warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for goods intended for trade or reexport

gender gap

A difference between men and women in their opportunities, rights, benefits, behavior, or attitudes.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A statistical measure of gender inequality that combines data on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation

Gender Empowerment Measure

A measurement of gender equality that includes the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, the percentage of women in economic decision-making positions, and women's versus men's share of earned income

gross domestic product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country over a specific period, regardless of the producer's national origin

gross national income (GNI)

The total income of a country's residents and businesses, including investment income, regardless of where it was earned, as well as money received from abroad such as foreign investment and development aid

Human Development Index (HDI)

A statistical measure of human achievement that combines data on life expectancy at birth, education levels, and gross national income (GNI) per capita (purchasing power parity [PPP]) population

Industrial Revolution

The rapid transformation of the economy through the introduction of machines, new power sources, and new chemical processes in Europe and the United States between 1760 and 1830

Inequality-adjusted HDI

A modification of the HDI to account for inequality.

informal (sector) economy

The part of any economy that is not officially recorded, monitored, or taxed by the government

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (such as buildings, roads, and public utilities) needed for the operation of a society

Labor intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

least cost theory (Weber's)

Alfred Weber's theory that transportation costs and labor costs play a strong role in determining the location of manufacturing facilities

Literacy rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Maternal mortality rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

Microcredit (microfinance) (microloans)

Provision of small loan and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

AND

A very small loan to poor people with little income or collateral intended to help them establish or expand a small business

multiplier effect

The creation of new business and jobs in other industries as the result of investment in a different industry

Nongovernmental organization (NGO)

is an organization focused on humanitarian issues, often social problems with a political aspect (eg. human rights, relief services, women's rights).

primary sector

Industries that extract natural resources from the environment

purchasing power parity (PPP)

Measures how much a common "basket of goods" costs locally in the currency of each country being compared

Quaternary economic activity

he portion of the economy dedicated to intellectual and informational services, such as scientific research and development

Quinary economic activity

The portion of the economy where the highest-level management decisions are made in the areas of business, government, education, and science

raw materials

the input goods or inventory that a company needs to manufacture its products

right-to-work states

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

Rust Belt

refers to the impact of deindustrialization, economic decline, population loss, and urban decay. The name given to the part of the United States that includes the Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, as well as Pennsylvania.

secondary sector

Industries that process the raw materials extracted by primary industries, transforming them into finished, usable forms

Semi-periphery

Countries or regions whose economies have elements of both the core and the periphery

Stages of Economic Growth model (Rostow)

Rostow 's Stages of Development is a model that analyzes the 5 steps that it takes to move from an agricultural society to a service-based economy. Include the following five stages: Traditional Society; Preconditions for Take-Off; Take-Off; Drive to Maturity; and Age of High Mass Consumption.

tertiary sector

Industries that provide services to businesses and consumers, including all the different types of work necessary to transport and deliver goods and resources

transnational corporations (TNCs)

A firm with the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own those operations

Value added

The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.