bio ch 54

flows cycle

energy _______ and nutrients _______

heat

reason why energy conversions are not completely efficient: energy 'lost' as h______

cellular respiration

reason why energy conversions are not completely efficient: energy 'lost' due to c________ __________

sugars ATP

goal of cellular respiration? break down ______ to make ______

yes

do detritivores have mouths?

no

do saprotrophs have mouths?

saprotrophs

what type of organisms secrete enzymes to to break down dead organisms?

decomposers

what connects all trophic levels?

primary production

what is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period?

photosynthetic

the extent of __________ production sets the spending limit for the energy budget of the entire ecosystem

global energy budget

amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth - limits photosynthetic output of ecosystems

gross primary production

amount of light converted to chemical energy before photosynthesis... like income before taxes

net primary production

GPP (gross primary production - everything) not including the energy used by primary producers for cellular respiration

GPP

NPP + R = ___

NPP

GPP - R = ___

respiration

what is R in the equations GPP - R = NPP and NPP = GPP + R

terrestrial

what type of ecosystem is 2/3 of of the global NPP?

oceanic

what type of ecosystem is 1/3 of of the global NPP?

amino acids nucleic acids

why is nitrogen a nutrient that limits marine production? because it is necessary to make a______ a_______ and n_____ a_____

metabolic

why is nitrogen a nutrient that limits marine production? it is necessary for many ________ processes

phospholipid bilayer/plasma membrane

phosphorus makes up the....

oligotrophic

what type of lake... lots of oxygen, not many nutrients

eutrophic

what type of lake... little oxygen but lots of nutrients

evapotranspiration

the amount of water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape

production efficiency

___________ ___________ of an organisms is the fraction of energy stored in food that is NOT used for respiration

trophic efficiency

the percent of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

10%

trophic efficiency we will always use in this class

efficient

why is being vegetarian good? it's more e_______

carbon footprint

why is being vegetarian good? less of a c_____ f_________

defenses

factor to keep herbivores in check: plants have natural ________

nutrients

factor to keep herbivores in check: n_______ limit herbivores

abiotic

factor to keep herbivores in check: a________ factors

predation

factor to keep herbivores in check: p_________

competition

factor to keep herbivores in check: intraspecific ___________

interactions

factor to keep herbivores in check: interspecific ___________

globally

nitrogen, carbon, and water cycle all cycle...

phosphorus

which cycle does not cycle globally?

nitrogen fixation

nitrogen cycle: Conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) into nitrate (N03-) (bacteria responsible for this)

Ammonification

nitrogen cycle: When plants and animals excrete waste or die, bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia

Nitrification

nitrogen cycle: conversion of ammonia to nitrate

Denitrification

nitrogen cycle: bacteria convert ammonia, nitrite and nitrates back into nitrogen gas, nitrogen gas back to atmosphere

seasons

why the up and down of CO2 in the graph that fargo showed us in class? (winter at the top, summer at the bottom) (this is because plants are not doing as much photosynthesis in the winter)

solar energy

what is the water cycle driven by?

okay

practice drawing the water cycle

okay

practice drawing the carbon cycle

lightning

what is also kind of involved in the nitrogen cycle? (idrk how but fargo always talks about it)

atmosphere

phosphorus is not a global cycle because there is no phosphorus in the a__________

weather soil

phosphorus could be a long term cycle because rocks w_________ which slowly adds phosphorus to the s____

vegetation

nutrient cycling is strongly regulated by ___________

westerlies

what type of wind controls where the most acid rain is?

the northeast

What part of the US is most affected by acid precipitation?

biological magnification

what is it called when toxins concentrate at higher trophic levels because at these levels biomass tends to be lower

broken down

toxins are not fat soluble, which means they can't be b_______ d______ in an organism

global warming

The warming of planet Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation and slows its escape from the irradiated Earth.

no

is the greenhouse effect bad?

yes

is global warming bad?

thinning

the ozone layer is t________

DNA and RNA

what do nucleic acids make up?

proteins

what do amino acids make up?

cellular respiration

6O2 and C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O→ 6O2 and C6H12O6

egestion

The act of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell or organism

Cultural eutrophication

Eutrophication caused by humans (sewage) or addition of fertilizer

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients particularly phosphorus and nitrogen become highly concentrated in a body of water leading increased growth of organisms such as algae

combustion fossil fuels

main cause of acid rain: c_________ of ________ _________

acidic

H2CO3 makes oceans more _________