Nutrition Exam 1: Vitamins, Minerals, electrolytes

Main function vitmains

catalyst for metabolic functions and chem reactions

• noncaloric essential nutrients

4 general functions vitamins:

1. coenzymes

2. antioxidants

   • green pills to poop!

3. hormones that affect gene expression

4. components of cell membranes

2 classes of vitamins and their examples:*

1. Fat soluble

   • A,D,E,K

2. Water soluble

   • C,D

Vitamin D found in: (3)

1. milk

2. yogurt

3. Calcium

Vitamin K found in

green leafy veggies

• spinach

• kale

Why do u give vitamin K to baby asap?

give to them ASAP after birth to promote clotting and stop bleeding!

• interferes w/ warfarin in adults

Vitamin C found in (2)

sun

OJ

Fat soluble vitamins

helps fat move into cells

Water soluble vitamins are

absorbed directly into bloodstream

How could lifestyle factors affect nutrient supplement intake? (8)

1. active or sedentary lifestyles

2. insured or not?

3. economics

4. culture

5. resources

6. accessibility

7. heath status

8. co-morbidities

How could a person megadose on vitamins?

1. lack of education

2. children/adolescents

   • taste good

   • want to gain muscle and get BIGGG

3. alzheimer’s/dementia pts forget

7 major minerals and 3 trace minerals

major:

1. Na

2. P

3. Ca

4. K

5. Mg

6. S

7. Cl

Trace:

1. Fe

2. Iodine

3. Fluoride

At what age can u give fluoride safely? *

start at 6 months+ receive safely

Function of Na and K together in body:*

water balance

Function of Ca and P together in body:*

osteoBLAST to build bones!!

• minerals need to be together

Function of Iron in body: *(

hemoglobin function—O2 carrying capacity increases

What vitamin helps absorb iron?

Vitamin C

• OJ

Decrease in Iron in the body leads to:

and s/s of them (6)

ANEMIA

1. fatigue

2. pallor

3. weakness

4. brittle hair/nails

5. always cold

6. SOB—low hemoglobin

what kind of vitamins does pregnant moms and nursing moms take and whats in it?

Pre-natal vitamins has folic acid in it

• take 3 months post birth too

At what age can you give an adolescence adult vitamin doses?

age 16 and over d/t hormones in food they consume

At what rate would a pt w/ gastric bypass and an ostomy absorb minerals?

quick absorption rate bc surpasses urinary tract and goes to pouch; stomach is shrunk so food metabolizes faster

What can cause mineral toxicity? (4)

1. excessive mineral supplements

2. environmental/ industrial exposure

3. human errors in commercial food processing

4. alterations in metabolism

Foods w/ high potassium (K+): * (19)

1. bananas

2. baked potato

3. sweet potato

4. milk

5. yogurt

6. prune juice

7. kiwi

8. dried fruit

9. purple passion fruit

10. fresh spinach

11. beets

12. artichokes

13. tomato paste/ sauce

14. winter squash

15. gran/bran cereals

16. beans

17. lentils

18. salmon

19. pollock

What helps w/ Ca+ reabsorption when blood calcium is low? (2)

1. Vitamin D

2. PTH

• milk

• yogurt

calcium to build bones and milk has lots of calcium

s/s iron deficit: (5)*

1. extreme fatigue

2. weakness

3. pale skin

4. dizziness

5. lightheadedness

What are some non0nutrient related risk factors of iron deficiency? (4)

1. blood loss/ trauma

2. malabsorption (GI issue)

3. kidney disease

   • renal failure

   • AKD

4. cancer

Water function in body: (3)

1. transportation

   • blood

   • lymph

2. thermoregulation

   • increased temp = sweat

3. lubricant

   • synovial fluid; all moving body parts

     • knees

whats the total body weight of water in M/F in percentages? *

M: 60%

F: 50%

Do u want negative amount or positive amount of daily fluid output in body?

NEGATIVE fluid balance

• can drink more water to solve problem

How do people lose water in general? (5)

1. respirations

   • cold temp= increases

2. skin

   • hot temp = increases

3. fecal

   • diarrhea = increase

4. caffeine (makes u dehydrated)

5. medications—diuretics

   • furosemide

   • spironolactone

Dehydration in infants is due to?

loss of large amount of water as part of total body weight

• abt 10% body weight in 10 days!!

Dehydration in older adults is due to? (2)

1. decreased thirst sensation

   • just dont want to drink as much

2. less fluid intake

   • risk for altered mental status

What are signs of dehydration with as little as 0.5% total body water? (5)

1. altered mental status (confused)

2. dizzy

3. fatigue

4. low BP (ortho.hypotension)

5. pallor

How are the lymphatic system and water correlated?

1. has water to help cells fight infx and gives fluids to cells to fight infx

NaCl effect on body… low amt vs high amount and how it relates to water:

• high Na+ in body= low water

  • salt retains water

• low Na+ in body= excess water

  • edema/ fluid retention

Correlation of Mg and K:

Low Mg+ = Low K+ bc Mg+ “holds door open” for K+ to enter

• high Mg+ does nothing for affecting K+

**always check TOGETHER*

What do plasma proteins do? what if theres NOT enough?

Pulls water into vessels when needed

• not enough—> fluid leaks out from capillaries and edema occurs!!

• aka CHF pts

Why is albumin important for water balance?

can replenish water in body when theres low water

2 hormones that help balance water in body? And where do they come from?

1. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

KIDNEYS

ADH tells what to kidenys?

tells kidneys to reabsorb WATER aka retains it

What does RAAS tell kidneys?

tells kidneys to reabsorb SODIUM (Na)

• water follows salt by default

What can cause an imbalance of ADH and RAAS hormones in our body? (3)

1. Kidney failure

2. Liver failure

3. head trauma

   • hormones stored in pituitary gland