Immanuel Kant (Deontology)

A priori/pure/formal:

universal, empty rules, logic, prior to experience. Constant wherever you go.

A posteriori/empirical/material:

determinate objects, post experience. language

Experience:

certain things that you learn from experience that are not mathematical and not logical

Pure philosophy:

metaphysics about apriori knowledge

Practical philosophy:

ethics and morality, not whats pragmatic functional morality

Pure practical philosophy:

The goal. Making ethics based on all knowledge. aesthetics? How we make decisions aesthetic judgments

Laws of nature:

physics, what does happen, e.i. Law of gravity

Laws of freedom:

morality. What ought to happen. I.e. its wrong to lie. Human beings are free. Morality is in domain of freedom. Humans can act morally or immorally. Animals can’t

Inclinations:

pleasures, freedom, belongs in realm of nature. Desires. Not totally free because of inclinations

Happiness:

sum of satisfaction of inclinations. Happiness is consequence no moral worth. Has nothing to do with freedom or morality

Duty:

absolute necessary, done for sake of universal law. We have our inclinations but we can say no to them in certain circumstances. Practical reason. Morality will free from base inclinations. Done in respect for moral law.

Maxim:

a subjective principle of volition. A general reason behind specification. Code of conduct. I.e. wrong to lie. Determine our actions.

Categorical imperative:

an unconditional moral obligation which is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose. Formula or function. Act such that always as ends not mean to ends. Always be universiitized.

Reason:

both pure and practical. Its both logically and experience based. Influences will.

Good will:

only unconditional good. Good without qualification. Not for effect or consequence only the good of its willing/ in itself. Exercise is good but only under certain conditions. Weath is good but not unconditionally. Justice. If we have good will we will be happy for right reason

Four kinds of actions:

Contrary to duty: cheat lie steal
In accordance with duty for selfish reasons: Don’t overcharge cause you don’t want to be caught
Act in accordance with duty because pleasurable.
Act from out of sense of duty: You do it because its right. Only action with moral worth

Free Will:

In order to have morality we need to have free will. Kant assumes free will. We use reason in the realm of freedom.

Moral worth:

Depends not on the object or consequences but principle of volition. Not for desire.

Motivation:

if done for consequence it clouds judgement on right thing.

“Ought”:

What should be done.

Formula:

act such that maxim is universalized. I.e. can you tell a white lie to protect others? Kant would say no. Can it be universalized?

Humanity:

humans can act in moral choice or inclinations. We have free will.

Means and ends:

human beings are ends in themselves and not means.

Freedom:

humans have freedom to act morally or unmorally.

Objectivity:

situations should be looked at objectively and without emotion to find correct moral action. No one wants their mom to get shot and would choose to lie but if looked at objectively this would make lying ok so its objectively still wrong in this situation.

Supposed right to lie:

if its ok to lie in one specific situation and that its universilkatized than it is ok always.

Just laws:

ones that can be universalized to all. If everything can be universal and we know ethical solutiojn than everyone can follow just laws.

Relativism:

peoples values are conditioned by culture they from. Not absolute for everyone

Tech hijacks:

controls menu options, slot machine, fear of missing out, social reciprocity (tit for tat), autoplay, ect

Economy of attention:

twitter, instagram, youtube, sleep are competing for our attention. The more attention the more hold companies have over us

Universality:

duty is formal/ universal/ apriori. Applies in all situations no matter what. Moral law should be universal.

Intentions vs outcomes:

Intentions greater than outcomes. All that matters is following moral law.