Everything

what is the process of cell division in prokaryotes called

binary fission

The phases of Interphase are?

• G1

• S

• G2

how many chromosomes are in the Interphases

• G1 - 10

• S - 0

• G2 - 20

when does these things happen:\

• intact nucleus

• duplication of chromosomes

• centrioles are copied

Interphase

DNA is copied where

the S part of Interphase

when does these things happen:

• nuclear membrane pops

• chromosomes coil up

• spindle forms

Prophase

when does these things happen:

• chromosomes line up at the equator

• attach to the spindle fibers

Metaphase

when does these things happen:

• spindle fibers pulls the chromosomes away from each other

Anaphase

when does these things happen:

• 2 nuceli are re-formed

• spindle fibers breaks down

• chromosomes uncoils

• cytokensis begins

Telophase

the difference of mitosis in plant and animals cells?

• plants - forms a cell plate

• animals - cell membrane pinches inwards

where is the centromere located

where the chromosomes copies are joined

what is the kinetochore and what is it connected to?

a bean shaped protein; connected to the centromere

what is the kinetochore fibers and what can it attached to?

are thin protein fibers; attach to spindle (like a handle)

Explain how ATP is created?

H+ is pumped into the IM space from the matrix then pumps back into the matrix by ATP synthase

Energy from NADH & FADH2 is shifted into what?

ATP

what is the final acceptor

O2

what is produced in the ET?

H2O (water)

Why do we breathe

so ET can happen, and if you dont then the ET can get trapped leading to us dying

without O2 in fermentation, what happens?

aerobic respiration stops

what does pyruvic acid converts into for fermentation?

• latic acid - in mammals

• ethanol or CO2 - in bacteria & yeast

Fermentation is the only option for what?

bacteria

What is the purpose of cellaur respiration

to make energy (ATP)

1 NADH equivalent too:

3 ATP

1 FADH2 equivalent too:

2 ATP

what are the low energy levels of

• ATP

• NADH

• FADH2

• ADP

• NAD+

• FAD+

Glycolysis located in the

cytoplasm

how many ATP does Glycolysis needs to start and how many does it release?

needs 2 ATP; releases 4

Glycolysis turns ? into ?

glucose into 2 pyruvic acids

Intermediate step turns ? into ?

2 pyruvic acid into 2 acetyl- CoA

1 Krebs Cycle prodcues

• 3 NADH

• 2 CO2

• 1 FADH2

• 1 ATP

how is energy released in the Krebs Cycle

• breakage of C-C bonds

• molecule is rearranged to a more stable form

how many ATP’s are created

38

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