Chapter 8 Cells Test Review

What is cytology?

Study of cells

Know the history of cell theory

Zaccharias Jansen: 1st compound microscope

Robert Hook: Looked at a cork, coined the word cell

Leeuewehook: Discovered living cells and made advances in microscopy

Schleiden: Said all plants are made of cells

Schwann: Said all animals are made of cells

Virchow: Said cells come from prexisting cells

What are the 3 principles of the cell theory?

1. Cells are the basic unit of life

2. All living things are made of cells

3. All cells are produced by existing cells

What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?

Uni: One Cell

Multi: Many cells

What is the difference between tissue, organ, and organ system?

Tissue: Similar cells working together

Organ: Several tissues working together

Organ System: Group of organs that complete a function

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic: Have membrane around nucleus

Prokaryotic: No membrane around the nucleus

What type of organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Pro: Bacteria

Eu: Everything except bacteria

What are 2 other names for cell membrane?

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasmic membrane

Where is the cell membrane found?

All cells

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic? what parts are they on the cell membrane?

Phobic: Hates water (Heads of the phospholipids)

Philic: Loves water (Tails of the phospholipids)

What structure on the cell membrane allows things to pass through it?

Phospholipid Bilayer

How does signal transmission across a membrane happen?

By converting an electric signal into a chemical one then back to electric through a process called ion flow

Where are cell walls found? What do they do? What is it made of?

Found in plant cells

They keep the cell rigid

Made of cellulose

What is the difference between the primary and secondary cell wall?

Primary: Made when the cell is developing

Secondary: Produced when the cell is mature and has more cellulose

What does the cytoplasm do and what does it look like? How does the cytoplasm differ from the cytosol?

It holds all organelles and it's jelly like. It's different from cytosol because cytosol is the liquid of the cytoplasm

What do mitochondria do? What is the nickname? How many membranes does it have?

They convert sugar into energy (ATP)

Nickname is the powerhouse of the cell

It has 2 membranes

What are cristae? What is their purpose?

They are the folded inner membranes of the mitochondria

They allow the conversion of sugar to energy happen

What are the 3 organelles where DNA can be found?

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

How many mitochondria can be found in a cell?

A little to many

What do ribosomes do? What are they made of?

They are made of protein and RNA

They make protein to be shipped to golgi apparatus

Where are ribosomes found?

Cytoplasm and rough ER

What are the 2 kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth and rough

What are the functions of the SER and RER?

SER-make carbohydrates and lipids, detoxify poisons and rugs

RER-make proteins for secretion

What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus? How does it work?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for secretion or delivery to other organelles

What is the nickname of the lysosomes? What do they do?

Garbage men

They help digestive enzymes

What is the cytoskeleton? What is it made of? What is the purpose of each one?

It's the frame of the cell

Made of microfilaments (Help cell division), microtubules (Give shape and act as railroad), and intermediate filaments (Add strength)

How are cilia and flagella the same? How are they different?

They help in moving the cell

Cilia is shorter than flagella

What are chloroplasts?

Membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants

What is the difference between thylakoids and grana?

Thylakoids are flattened sacs

Grana are sacks of thylakoids

What is chlorophyll?

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

What is stroma?

Fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

What is the purpose of vacuoles and vesicles?

Vacuoles: Contains water, food, and waste

Vesicles: Move substances like proteins, lipids, and waste between organelles or out of the cell

What is turgor pressure? How does it work?

It's water pressure in a cell

Works through osmosis

What are the centrioles used for?

Cell division

What is considered the control center?

Nucleus

Where does DNA replicate?

Nucleus

Describe the nuclear envelope

Encloses nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. Envelope is a double membrane.

What is the nucleolus? What does it do?

Dense center of nucleus; manufactures ribosomes

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?

Isotonic: Concentration same inside and out of cell

Hypertonic: High concentration of water inside cell

Hypotonic: Higher concentration of water outside cell

What is passive transformation? What are 2 examples? What are 3 things that affect the speed of transport?

Passive transportation is transportation without energy because it goes with the flow.

Examples are Osmosis and Diffusion

Things that affect speed are: Size, shape, and electrical charges

What is active transport? How do carrier proteins fit into this?

It needs energy to transport because it moves against flow.

The carrier proteins help with moving energy

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

Endocytosis brings substances into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle, while exocytosis expels substances out of a cell as vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Phagocytosis is the cell eating large things

Pinocytosis is the cell drinking fluids

Explain the sodium potassium pump (Na+K+ pump)

A vital protein in cell membranes that actively moves 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and 2 potassium ions (K+) into the cell, using energy from ATP