DP1 Geography Mocks

Population

It is the total number of people living in a given area at a given time.

Population distribution

It refers to the spread of a population in a given area. It could be sparsely, moderately, or densely distributed.

Population Density

The average number of people living in a given area per squared kilometers.

Birth Rate

It is the average number of children born per 1000 population per year.

Death Rate

The number of people who die per 1000 people per year.

Fertility Rate

It is the average number of children that a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime.

Infant Mortality

The number of babies who die before their first birthday, per live birth.

Child Mortality

Number of children who die before their fifth birthday, per live birth.

Population Structure

The structure of a population describes the distribution of the population in terms of the sex and age groups.

Population Pyramid

A graph that depicts the structure of the population in terms of the sex and age groups.

Youthful population

Population within the age groups of 0-14. It is also called the children population.

Working Population

Age group that ranges between 15 and 64. There are two types: the economically active (those actively working)and the economically inactive population (those who are unemployed or still in school).

Aging Population

Age group above 64 year. They are also called the elderly population.

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of the dependent population to the working or economically active population. It is calculated in the formula:DR = (0-14) + (65+)/(15 – 64)

Pro-Natalist Policy

Policy aimed at increasing the population or birth rate of a country. Eg. France, Sweden and Singapore

Anti-Natalist Policies

A policy that is aimed at reducing population growth or birth rate. E.g China’s One-Child Policy.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, either permanently, seasonally, voluntarily or forced. It involves a change in residence.

External Migration

Migration across national boundaries.

Internal Migration

Movement of people within a country.

Natural Change

Changes in population due to changes in birth and death rates. Difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate.

Natural Increase

Increase in population due to an increase in birth over death in a country.

Natural Decrease

Decline in population due to an increase in death over birth in a country.

Population Momentum

Tendency for population to grow despite a fall in birth rate and fertility levels. This happens when the number of women of childbearing increases in number such that they give birth faster than the death rate.

Population Projection

Future population estimates based on the current age-gender structure/fertility, mortality and migration

Doubling Time

Period of time taken for population to increase twice its size, assuming natural growth rate remains unchanged.

Replacement Rate

The level at which each generation has enough children to replace themselves in a given population.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

It describes the way the total population of a country changes over time, taking into consideration birth and death rates. The model suggests that mortality and fertility would decline as a result of social and economic development. It predicts that all countries would go through four demographic transition stages over time.

Family Size

A group of people who make common provision of food, shelter and other essentials for living.

Sex Ratios

Ratio of males to females in a given population. Or, it is the number of males per 100 females in a population.

Demographic Dividend

Increase in the number of adults in a population between 15 and 64. OR An increase in the number of people in the working population of a country. More people have the potential to be productive and contribute to economic growth.

Low Income Countries

Those with a per capita income of less than $1,025.

Middle Income Countries

Those with a per capita income of between $1,026 and $12,475.

High Income Countries

Those with a per capita income over $12,476

Core-periphery patterns

The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between 2 or more regions of a state or country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment.

Push and Pull Factors

Push factors are reasons that people leave an area. Pull factors are reason that attract people to move there.

Next Eleven

The countries that have potentially the fastest growing economies in the 21st century such as Bangladesh, Egypt, the Philippines, South Korea and Vietnam.

Natural Greenhouse Effect

The natural process that warms the earth’s surface due to incoming solar radiation from the sun, with a portion being reflected into space, and some being absorbed by earth and the greenhouse gases.

Climate Change

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. Such shifts an be natural, however, since industrial revolution, human activity has been the main driver of climate change.

Greenhouse Gases

Those atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation and cause world temperatures to be warmer than they would otherwise be.

Carbon Footprint Per Capita

The amount of carbon dioxide emissions an average person in a country is responsible for as they go about their everyday lives.

Feedback Loops

Positive feedback loops amplify change that starts to occur.
Negative feedback occurs when the system adjust itself in ways that reverses the effect of the original change.

Solar Radiation Variations

Amount of solar radiation entering the Earth’s atmosphere can change in the short and long term due to volcanic emissions, solar output, changes to the earth’s orbit and cosmic collisions.

Global Dimming (volcanic eruptions)

Small, suspended matter in the atmosphere can reflect solar energy back into space and so have a net cooling effect. This phenomenon can occur naturally because of volcanic emissions but can also be caused by human pollution too.

Albedo

How much solar radiation a surface reflects. White surfaces have the highest reflectivity.

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Disruption to the earth’s climate due to an increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased global surface temperatures.

Hydrosphere

The world’s water cycle and stores (major ice sheets, glaciers and sea ice has shrunk recently meaning the cryosphere has shrunk- i.e. the portion of earth’s surface water in solid form)

Atmosphere

The layer of gases that surround our planet and are held in place by gravity. The atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases.

Biosphere

The world’s ecosystems, flora and fauna

Carbon Emission Trading

These schemes are an example of climate change mitigation using a CAP and trade system.

Energy Budget

Refers to the balance between the amount of energy incoming to the Earth from the Sun and the amount of energy outgoing from Earth back into space.

Equilibrium

State where opposing forces or influences are balanced. The Earth’s thermal equilibrium refers to the balance in solar energy, meaning the Earth must radiate as much heat as it receives, an imbalance in output or input of heat would cause the Earth to heat up or cool down.

Shortwave radiation

Radiant energy produced by the Sun, ranging from infrared to ultraviolet. It is exclusively associated with daylight hours for particular locations on the Earth's surface.

Long-wave radiation

Radiation emitted by the Earth back out into space (infrared radiation).

Diffuse Radiation

The solar radiation that is absorbed, scattered, or reflected by molecules and particles in the atmosphere, such as clouds or atmospheric gasses.

Insolation

The amount of incoming solar energy that makes contact with the surface of the Earth. Generally how much something is exposed to solar energy.

Troposphere

Lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere in direct contact with the Earth's surface. Weather phenomena and clouds occur in this layer.

Stratosphere

Layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the troposphere. This layer is vital for protecting living organisms on Earth from harmful UV rays because it scatters the rays.

Turning (tipping) point

Time at which a situation starts to change in an important way. Or the smallest amount of change that could result in a new equilibrium, and consequences could be irreversible.

Civil Society

Refers to the space in society that exists outside of family, market, and state, encompassing a diverse range of organizations and groups that operate independently to represent the interests and values of citizens. (NGOs, charities, community groups)

Adaptation

In the context of climate change, this refers to actions that reduce vulnerability to climate change and address the impacts of it.

Mitigation

In the context of climate change, this refers to reducing greenhouse gasses emissions and rather addresses the main causes of climate change and tackling it.

Geo-Engineering

Large-scale manipulation in the Earth’s oceans, soils, and atmosphere with the aim of reducing the effects of climate change, usually temporarily. There is Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Radiation Management.

External forcing

Refers to natural changes that affect the climate. This can be albedo, volcanic eruptions, or solar flares.

Carbon offseting

Actively reducing carbon emissions or actively compensation for the emissions released.

Carbon Trading

Limits of carbon emissions are placed on countries. They can trade with others to buy a greater capacity to emit more carbon.

Carbon Tax

Fee imposed on businesses and consumers to compensate for damage caused by carbon emissions or to pay for adaptation/mitigation measures.

Geo-engineering techniques (examples)

• Afforestation

• Carbon Capture

• Stratospheric aerosol

Leisure

Free time, or time available for activities outside of work or studying. Individuals can spend their leisure time doing the activities they like.

Sport

Physical activity involves a set of rules or customs, often competitive in nature. In the context of leisure, sport is considered a form of recreational activity that can be participated in casually or competitively.

Tourism

Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure, according to the IB, which excludes day trippers.

Recreation

Any chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time (leisure) for enjoyment.

Disposable Income

Excess income that can be used for other purposes, doesn’t impact survival.

Mass Tourism

Large-scale tourism involves a high volume of tourists visiting popular destinations at the same time, often through package holidays.

Packaged Holidays

Already arranged for travel services, including transportation, accommodations, and meals, all included in one big package/bundle and often quite affordable.

Heritage Tourism

Tourism that puts historical aspects of places as its major attraction.

Allocentric Tourists

Tourists who seek new adventures and experiences, preferring non-touristy areas and exploring the places by themselves.

Psychocentric Tourists

Tourists prefer familiar destinations, comfortable accommodations, and tours. They’re less adventurous and risk-averse.

Primary Tourist Resources

The things that are already at the tourist destination and were not intended for tourist purposes originally but are present as a tourist attraction. (mountains, rivers, shrines, temples).

Secondary Tourist Resources

Things that are built for tourism purposes. Hotels, resorts, etc.

The Multiplier Effect

Refers to the process where money spent by tourists circulates through the local economy, generating additional economic activity beyond the initial expenditure.

Hotspots

Places that experience high levels of tourist arrivals.

Seasonal Hotspots

High levels of tourism at specific times of year, such as summer months.

Diurnal Hotspots

High levels of visitors at certain times of day. Usually, they would receive a lot of tourists during the middle of the day and less in the evening.

Zoning

When the government categorizes different areas for different purposes, such as areas for conservation, tourism, and others for local uses.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum use of any site without causing negative effects on the resources, reducing visitor satisfaction, or exerting adverse impact upon the society, economy, or culture of the area.

Threshold Population

The minimum number of people required to support a particular service or facility.

Hierarchy (leisure)

Placing things in an order of importance. Usually this can mean ordering settlements in terms of income or frequency.

Sphere of Influence

The area served by a particular space. The area people travel from to use a service. - The extent in which people would travel to a different place.

Economic Leakage

The outflow of funds or economic benefits from a local economy to other regions. In tourism terms, it refers to the money spent by tourist in their destinations that circulates out of the local economy and instead go back to the host countries of TNCs who provides that service in the country.

Infrastructure

Public and private physical structures such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications that support the sustainable functionality of households and firms.

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

World Heritage Site

A landmark or area recognized by UNESCO as having outstanding universal value to humanity due to its cultural, historical, scientific, or natural significance. These sites are legally protected under an international treaty and must meet a set of criterias.

The Premier League

Professional football league in England and the highest level of the English football league system, consisting of 20 clubs that compete annually for the championship title.

Day Trippers

People who visit a place and return home on the same day without staying overnight.

National Park

Land area designated and protected by a government because of its exceptional natural, historic, or cultural significance. It aims to conserve the landmark while allowing public access for education and recreation under regulated conditions.

Resort

A settlement where the primary function is tourism. This includes a hotel complex.

Hostel

A budget-friendly accommodation where guests rent a bed in dormitory-style rooms, with communal facilities like kitchens and lounges. Popular among young and social traveler

Cruise

A large ship offering accommodation, entertainment, and travel to multiple destinations, combining transport and tourism.

Accessibility

The ease with which all people, can reach, enter, and use tourism and leisure facilities, transport, and attractions.