SEMENALYSIS

Reasons for semenalysis

Fertility testing

Postvasectomy semen analysis

Forensic analysis

Stages of sperm maturation

Spermatogonium → ?

1⁰ Spermatocyte

Stages of sperm maturation

1⁰ spermatocyte → ?

2⁰ Spermatocyte

Stages of sperm maturation

2⁰ Spermatocyte → ?

Spermatid

Stages of sperm maturation

Spermatid → ?

Spermatozoon

Spermatozoa percent compositon?

5%

Site of spermatogenesis

Seminiferous tubules

Nurse cells for developing sperm

Sertoli cells

Site of sperm maturation

Epididymis

Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts

Vas deferens

Spermatogenesis and sperm maturation time?

90 days

Seminal fluid composition in fraction?

2/3

Seminal fluid composition in percent?

60-70%

Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid

Seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicle secretions are rich in?

Fructose

Sugar used for sperm motility

Fructose

Prostate fluid percent composition

20-30%

Prostate fluid components

ACP, zinc, citric acid, other enzymes

Prostate fluid function

Coagulation and liquefaction

Bulbourethral gland percent comp.

5%

Secretes thick alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidity from the prostatic secretions and vagina

Bulbourethral gland

Spermanalysis: abstinence of?

5-7 days

Prolonged abstinence findings

Increased volume, decreased motility

Consideredf significant according to WHO

Two abnormal specimens

If first portion is missing, increased?

pH

If first portion is missing, decreased?

Sperm count

If first portion is missing, then specimen will?

Not liquefy

If last portion is missing, increased?

Sperm count

If last portion is missing, decreased?

pH and volume

If last portion is missing, then specimen will?

Not clot

Specimen should be delivered within?

1 hr.

Specimen temp requirements

Room temp

Analysis should be done when?

After liquefaction

Liquefaction normal time

30-60 minutes

Cause of semen failure to liquefy in 60 minutes

Deficiency in prostatic enzymes

If failed to liquefy, treatment?

Amylase

Bromelain

a-chymotrypsin

Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)

Specimen awaiting analysis should be kept at?

37C

Normal color of semen

Gray-white translucent

Gray-white color of semen due to?

Flavin

Normal semen odor

Musty / bleach odor

Increased white turbidity indicates?

Infection (increased WBCs)

Red or brown semen coloration

Increased RBCs, blood

Yellow coloration of semen indicates?

Urine contamination, medication, abstinence

Normal volume of semen

2-5 mL

Increased volume is associated with?

Increased abstinence

Decreased volume is associated with?

Infertility, incomplete collection

Normal viscosity

Pours in droplets

Abnormal viscosity

Threads > 2cm long

Increased viscosity = ?

Decreased sperm motility

Viscosity reporting: 0

Watery

Viscosity reporting: Watery

0

Viscosity reporting: 4

Gel-like

Viscosity reporting: Gel-like

4

Normal pH of semen

7.2-8.0

Increased semen pH can indicate?

Infection

Decreased pH?

Increased prostatic fluid

pH should be measured within?

1 hr. of ejaculation

Sperm concentration unit

Sperm / mL

Normal value for sperm concentration

> 20 million sperms/mL

Dilution used for improved neubauer counting chamber in sperm concentration

1:20

Diluents used in improved neubauer chamber

Formalin sodium bicarbonate

Saline

Distilled water

Cold tap water

Diluents function?

To immobilize sperm

Counting chamber used for undiluted sperm specimen

Makler counting chamber

Makler chamber uses _______ to immobilize sperm?

Heat

Shortcut method for sperm concentration: 2 WBC squares

Sperms counted x 100,000

Shortcut method for sperm concentration: 5 RBC squares

Sperms counted x 1,000,000

Standard neubauer formula

Sperms counted x dilution

————————————

Area x 0.1

Neubauer: Area of 1 WBC square?

1mm

Neubauer: Area of 1 RBC square?

0.04

Sperm count unit

Sperm / ejaculate

Sperm count normal value

> 40 million / ejaculate

Sperm count formula

Sperm conc. x Specimen volume

Sperm motility normal values

>= 50% motile within 1 hr

Normal value for sperm motility (quality)?

>= 2.0

WHO grading criteria for sperm motility

4.0 / a

Rapid, straight-line motility

WHO grading criteria for sperm motility

3.0 / b

Slower speed, some lateral movement

WHO grading criteria for sperm motility

2.0 / b

Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement

WHO grading criteria for sperm motility

1.0 / c

No forward progression

WHO grading criteria for sperm motility

0

No movement

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Progressive motility

Sperm moving linearly or in a large circle

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Nonprogresive motility

Sperm moving with an absence of progression

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Immotility

No movement

Determines sperm concentration, morphology, velocity, and trajectory

Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis

Normal values for sperm morphology: Routine criteria

> 30% normal forms

Normal values for sperm morphology: Kruger’s strict criteria

> 14%

Sperm morphology angle when preparing smears

45^o

Reference stain for sperm morphology

Papanicolaou’s stain

Shorr stain used for?

Sperm morphology

Sperm head dimensions

5×3 um

Acrosomal cap characteristics

½ of head

2/3 of nucleus

Midpiece length?

7 um

Tail + neck length?

45 um

Tail length without neck?

38 um

Hardening of veins that drain the testes

Varicocele

Most common cause of male infertility

Varicocele

Sperm head morphology found on varicocele

Tapered

Modified Blom’s test used for?

Sperm vitality

Modified Blom’s test: Tested within?

1 hr. of ejaculation

Modified Blom’s test reagents

Modified Eosin and Negrosin

Modified Blom’s test living sperms color

Unstained, bluish white