psych 3337 exam 1

children were born evil and stubborn andhad to be civilized, harsh and restrictive child-rearing practices were recommended to tame the deprived child

Original sin (puritan doctrine)

Emphasize how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.

Freud- Psychosexual Theory

Emphasize that the ego does not just mediate between id impulses and surperego demands.

Erikson psychosocial theory

children actively construct their knowledge through Schemes, assimilation and accommodation

Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory

Emphasis on biology and evolution, sensitive periods of development, and careful observations

(attachment determines development)

Ethological theory

number of years elapsed since person's birth

Chronological Age

in terms of biological health

biological age

one's adaptive capacities

Psychological age

social roles and expectations related to a person's age

Social age

Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together. (years of satisfaction in newly weds are more happy)

correlational research

gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses (more control)

experimental research

use rare opportunities for random assignment in natural settings

Field experiments

compare differences in treatment that already exist, groups chosen to match characteristics as much as possible

natural experiments

Same participants studied at different ages (value you get to see changes over time)

Longitudinal (Time-Lag Research)

participants of differing ages all studied at the same time (not as strong as longitudinal because its random people)

Cross-sectional

several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times (tries to combine long & cross shorter time and different groups 2-5 year olds for 4 years)

Sequential

participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions

microgenetic design

1. informed consent
2. confidentiality
3. 3.protection from harm
4. debriefing
5. deception (A little)

APA guidelines

Things to be avoided in research ethically

1. minimizing bias (culture, gender, ethnicity
2. ethnic gloss-( overgeneralizing about ethnic groups

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes (46 Chromosomes)

Chromosomes

double helix-shaped molecule

DNA

units of hereditary information (blueprints)

Genes

how many genes do humans have

20,500

cell nucleus duplicates

Mitosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms (forms gametes)

Meiosis

egg and sperm form zygote

Fertilization

.what determines sex

X and Y chromosomes

two X chromosomes

Female chromosomes

XY chromosomes

Male chromosomes

identical twins are

monozygotic

all of ones genetic makeup (inherited from parent)

Genotype

observable characteristics ( what gets expressed)

Phenotype

a hereditary disease in which the blood does not clot properly (x linked disease)

hymophilia

a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia.(dominant gene)

Huntington's disease

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.

Klinefelter syndrome

A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

Fragile X Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. ( when women look more like male)

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome. (vanish build, risk takers)

XYY syndrome

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine (treated by diet)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape (red cells are affected)

sickle cell anemia

Studies comparing the characteristics of family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics

kinship studies

Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. (if parents like music so will the child)

passive genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments (affectionate parent darling child)

evocative genotype-environment correlations

child seeks/selcets favorable environments ( someone who is athletic by gene will seek out sports)

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

0-2 weeks; characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation. (Conception)

Germinal (zygote) Period

the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop (skin, eyes, feet, nose)

embryonic period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child (3 trimester more active, distinguishable, can tell sex of baby)

fetal period

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Teratogens

the severity of teratogens is determined by

\-how much is consumed

\-how vulnerable you are to the substance

\-time you were exposed

beginning of regular contractions or rupture of membranes to 10cm cervical dilation

stage one of labor

10 cm cervical dilation to delivery of baby

stage two of labor

the final stage of the birth process, when the placenta is expelled from the uterus with the umbilical cord attached

stage three of labor

First 1-4 hours after deliver (recovery)

Stage four of labor

the sequence in which the fastest growth in the human body occurs at the top, with the head.

cephalocaudal pattern

the growth sequence that starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

proximodistal pattern

infants use the whole hand as a unit before they can control several fingers is an example of

proximodistal pattern

infants see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk is an example of

cephalocaudal pattern

A structure in the brain that is involved with eating and sexual behavior.

hypthalamus

controls growth and regulates the activity of other glands.

pituitary gland

The sex glands, which are the testes in males and the ovaries in females.

gonds

hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries

Gonadotropins

hormone associated in boys with the development of the genitals, increased height, and voice changes.

Testosterone

A hormone associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development.

estradiol

is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans.

menarche

is the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty.

spermarche

is a term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

climacteric

menstrual periods ceases and dramatic decline of estrogen (women)

menopause

referred to as male menopause; is marked by the decrease arousal levels and of the male hormone testosterone

andropause

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

lateralization

refers to when the brain produces more dendrites and synaptic connections than the brain uses.

blooming

refers to when unused dendrites or synaptic connections disappear or are replaced.

Pruning

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

corpus callosum

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

prefrontal cortex

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

amygdala

* -thicker prefrontal cortex
* more brain connections lined to peer pressure resistance
* -early turbo charged emotions
* -more risky behaviors
* -drug use

prefrontal cortex in adolescence

\-16-17 hrs daily

* longest period 11pm-7am

Infant sleep patterns

when do infants have closer to adult like sleeping patterns

6 months

when do infants sleep more

1 month

when do you have more REM sleep

when in infant

Why is adolescence a "Critical Juncture" for health?

because many health habits—good or bad—still are being formed. Social contexts, including family, peers, and schools, influence the health of adolescents.

\-loss of bone tissue

\-most common in women

\-is related to deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and estrogen, as well

as lack of exercise

Osteoporosis

Poor judgment, memory deficit, and irritability.

symptoms of dementia

A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.

Alzheimer disease

A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis.

Parkinson disease

\-correct fat/protein balance / easier to digest

\-fewer gastro/ respiratory inflections

\-reduces risk of asthma, diabetes and SIDS

\-Lower risk of ear/skin infections

Benefits of Brestfeeding

A wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency.

Marasmus (malnutrition in infancy)

deficiency in protein; child's abdomen and feet swollen with water

Kwashiorkor(malnutrition in infancy)

in infancy soon after feeding the baby will throw up there food (nothing is medically wrong with them/ lemon juice used to make them stop)

Rumination Disorder of Infancy

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves (affects more females)

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

bulimia nervosa

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

assimilation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

accommodation

the process by which children (or other people) balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Equilibration

cognitive conflicts when a child is faced with counter examples to their existing schemas

Disequilibrium

resolves conflict through assimilation and accommodation to reach a new balance of thought

Equilibrium

0-2 years

learn to manipulate environment in order to meet needs

stage ends with development of object permanence (beginning of representational thought)

sensorimotor stage

2-7 years

symbolic thinking - ability to pretend

egocentism - inability to imagine what ~~another~~ person may think or feel

centration - tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon (ex. same quantity of pizza on two plates, but one is cut in two, child will take the one with two)

preoperational stage

7 to 11

* concrete thinking
* can consider perspective of others
* -classification
* -logical reasoning

concrete operational stage

11-15 yrs

\-abstract thinking

\-logical reasoning

\-hypothetical reasoning

\-idealistic

formal operational stage