Arch 213 Midterm Study Guide 2 (TAMU Beltran)

LECTURE 2:

who was the Leader of the modern movement?

What where his 5 parts?

Le Corbusier

1. column wall seperation

2. free design of facade

3. Horizontal window

4. Free Design of plan

5. Roof Gardens

what was Le Corbusier's Modernist Building

Villa Savoy, Poissy france, 1929

An example of the major change in building size & Shape and

how do streets currently receive light?

The Flat Iron.

Tall glass buildings are now used to reflect light to the street.

What was the First modern Building?

The Bauhaus, Dessau Germany, 1925 by Walter

The First Glass House?

The Glass House, by Philip Johnson, 1949

How long was the Modernist Movement?

27 years (1925-1952)

what year marked when buildings started consuming lots of energy?

1950's

Buildings make up

_____% of US Electricity

_____% of US energy Use

_____% of US Green House Gas (GHG)

The biggest Problem is ____

60% of US Electricity

40% of US energy Use

30% of US Green House Gas (GHG)

Energy

5 design/ construction practices that reduce impact of buildings on the environment

1. sustainable site planning

2. safeguarding H20 and H20 efficiency

3. Energy Efficiency and Renewable energy

4. Conservation of materials and resources

5. indoor environmental quality

Eco Benefits of Sustainable Buildings

1. Decrease in operating cost (electricity, ect)

2. Increase in Productivity

3. Increase in market for green products & services

Top 3 Causes of GHG?

1. cars & trucks

2. emissions from aerosol cans

3. emissions from commercial buildings

Carbon emissions--->________----> Change in Temp

CO2 Concentrations

how is Temp change properly compared?

compare only the change in temps Themselves

names of Short term changes in weather. Cold. Hot.

La Nina. El Nino

who predicted global warming since 1970 and told no one?

Exon mobil

CO2 emissions are rising in what hemisphere?

Northern hemisphere

who are the top Contributors to Global CO2 emissions, 1751-2018

North America: 29% 457 billion tons

Europe: 22% 353 billion tons

China: 12.7% 200 billion tons

whats the safe level of CO2 in the atmosphere?

350 ppm

How to calculate the carbon Emissions by Country

Divide Carbon Emissions % by total # of people

41% (buildings in US) times(*) 25% (worlds energy) = US Buildings use ___% of worlds energy)

10%

Buildings make up ___% of the US Energy

41%

Us Energy Use By Sector Pie Chart

Commercial: 19%

Industrial: 31%

Residential: 22%

Transportation: 28%

what is a dominant for generating US energy?

Natural Gas

EUI

Energy Use Intensity

total energy by building used in 1 yr; the lower the better

IPC

Internal Panel on Climate

LECTURE 3:

Codes (Standards): ASHRAE

International Energy Conservation Code.

Rules define minimum.

provides tradeoffs between building elements and systems

limits tradeoff to prevent loopholes for bad design

Incentives

Rules encourage More

Base cases should reflect common practices

tradeoffs should be provided for all innovative measures that are installed.

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

why was it created?

to reduce "greenwashing" by developing industry standards. Promote whole building integrated design process. Transform MarketPlace

US Green Building Council

transform way buildings and communities are designed

created LEED green bldg rating system

educates and advocates for environment

research promotion

green building conferences

emerging green builders

LEED Point Categories

location & transit, sustainable sites, water efficiency, and Energy & atmosphere (Highest)

What are the Top 2 States for LEED?

Texas and California

LECTURE 4:

Climate/ Human adaption: The 3 Skins

1st Skin

2nd skin (clothes)

3rd skin (buildings/shelter)

Thermal Mass

Thick walls (adobe)

heat will move if extreme change in temp

walls and floors have a slower transfer of heat than windows

Shading Techniques

Sunken Areas, narrow streets, porches, veranda, balconies, awnings, glazing glass

LECTURE 5:

EUI (Energy Use Intensity)

the lower the better

the lowest we can get is 30-36 EUI

Solutions to High EUI

sky gardens, wind tunnels, cross ventilation, mirrors to direct light into dark places

Weather

set of atmospheric conditions and characteristics for a set location

climate

integration of weather conditions and characteristics for a set location.

4 classifications:

Cold: lack of heat yr round

Moderate: seasonal variation

Hot-Dry: a significant change in temp between the day and night

Hot-Humid: Temp doesn't change much

5 climate variables

1. Temp: dry bulb

2. Humidity: moisture

3. sun & Sky: solar radiation and cloud coverage

4. Wind: speed+ direction

5. rainfall: total amount

Hourly Temp

Min before Sunrise

Max below 2-3pm

Mean (Average) 9-11am

Hourly Humidity

max before sunrise

min at max heat (between 2-3pm)

HDD

measurment to qualify demand for energy needed to HEAT a building. (derived from outside air temp) (below 65 Degrees)

CDD

Reflects amount energy used to COOL a building (Above 65 degrees)

LECTURE 6:

ASHRAE

American Society of Heating Refrigerating And Air Condition Engineers

condition of mind which expresses satisfaction w/ thermal comfort

ENGINEERS VIEW

comfort= absence of discomfort= "Neutrality"

thermal comfort can only be maintained when heat produced by metabolism= heat lost from body

Body Temp

Normal core temp= 37 C

Heating Mechanism

- reduced blood flow

- shivering

Cooling Mechanism

- increased blood flow

- sweating (evaporation)

Major Variables influencing thermal Comfort

Environmental

- air temp

- humidity

- air velocity

- mean radiant temp

Personal

- activity

- clothing

Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)

area weighed mean temp of all objects surrounding the body.

positive when surrounding objects are warmer thn average skin temp and negative when they are colder

MRT equation

MET= Metabolic Rate

Personal sitting/resting= 1 MET heat lose of person

sleeping= .8 MET (Lowest) is 100 W (lightbulb)

Sports= 10 MET (highest)

Normal Work in Offices= 1.2 MET

CLO= Clothing Insulation

Clothing Insulation

a naked person is 0 CLO

a business suit is 1 CLO

1 CLO and 1 MET is 75 degrees F

YOU COMBINE CLO AND MET TO GET FARENHIET

Bio climatic chart

Ratio of Temperature and humidity. By Victor Olgyay

Extension climate zone

above comfort zone is when we are able to include wind

Thermal Delight

- A book by Lisa Heschong that explores the potential for using thermal qualities as an expressive element in building design.

- Modern emphasis on central heating systems and air conditioning and hermetically sealed buildings has actually damaged our thermal coping and sensing mechanisms

- Emphasis on solar energy

Who invented the Air Conditioner?

Willis Carrie 1902

Vernacular

driven by local and environmental conditions

tract housing

when architecture loses meaning (cookie cutter houses)

PCS

Personal Comfort System

Lisa Hescheg

Thermal Delight in Architecture

LECTURE 7:

Site Analysis

most important stage in planning energy efficient and environmentally responsible developments. relationship of site to its surroundings

influence of the built environment

designed w/ radiation in mind

3 principles of air movement

- as a result of friction, air velocity is slower near the surface

- as a result of inertia, air tends to continue moving the same direction when it meets and obstruction

- air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Cold Climates

reduce exposed wall area. use compact building forms and low v-factor glazing w/ movable insulation

wind barriers

build in wind protected areas. barriers against the wind

South orientation

- orient building with long side facing south

- avoid trees or other structures on the south

- place most windows on the south facade

- use mainly vertical glazing

- use south-facing clerestory windows to bring the sun farther into the interior

Avoid east and west

- orient short side of building to east and west and avoid windows on these facades if possible

- use overhangs, balconies, and porches to shade both windows and walls

- use large overhanging roofs and porticoes to shade both windows and walls

Windows for ventilation

- provide many large but shaded windows for ventilation

- provide openings at the ceiling level of high spaces

- provide large openings to vent attic spaces

Ventilation around buildings

- raise building above the moisture at ground level and ventilate under the building

- allow natural ventilation to carry away moisture from kitchens, baths, and laundry rooms

- avoid dense landscaping near ground level (high canopy of trees is ok)

Thermal mass

reduce impact of high temps.

use beams/ sloping sites

Reduce humidity levels

- use exhaust fans to remove excess moisture from kitchens, baths, and laundry rooms

- minimize indoor plant, and keep them out of direct sunlight to reduce evaporation

- avoid pools, fountains, and plants in the landscape

- minimize interior partitions and provide many openings in the exterior walls

Shading

use operable and movable wall panels.

create sheltered outdoor spaces

LECTURE 8:

Latitude in College Station?

30.6 degrees

latitudes 23.5 and 66.5

During Summer solstice (June 21)

sun directly overhead. tropic of cancer. latitude 23.5

Equinox (March/Sept 21)

During winter solstice (Dec 21), the sun is directly overhead on the Tropic of Capricorn. Latitude 23.5

Ground Planes are Not Parallel

can be located on the earth sphere using coordinates of latitude and longitude

Site Solar Analysis

Objective: access site relationship w/ the sun

Pilkington Sun Angle Calculator

by Libbey Owens Ford

Equinox is

23.5

Azimuth

A horizontal angle measured east or west of South

altitude

the vertical angular position of an object in sky above horizon (=0 degrees); vertical/ Zenith= 90 degrees

profile angle

position of sun translated into a two-dimensional vertical plane.

incident angle

between incoming solar rays and a line normal to the surface

Solar Geometry terms

Solar Declination:

relative tilt of equatoral plane to ecliptic plane

solar altitude

the angle of the sun above the horizon at a vertical plane

Solar Azimuth

horizontal position of sun referenced to south

profile angle

position of sun translated into 2-dimensional vertical plane

zenith angle

suns position referenced to the zenith in vertical plane

LECTURE 9:

Skyline

used to find direct amount of sun at a specific location, by blocking obstructions that block the sun as seen from that point.

Shadow Plot/ Flag Pole Plots

IN what Hemisphere is the Sun?

50 ft flag pole, Oct 21, 36 Degrees N latitude

Flagpole plots

Horizontal Sundial

it is a dial on a horizontal plane, w/ style inclined towards the pole. gives an hour during all the day. drawn on the ground or installed on column in a garden

Arch of Time, Houston TX

circular shapes of openings are adjusted to elliptical shapes to project a circular image on the ground when the sun passes over at specific times

Lecture 10 Summary

Window/ Shading Tiers

Tier 1. Basic Building Design: heat retention, Rejection, avoidance.

Tier 2. Passive Systems: Natural Energies

Tier 3: Mechanical Equipment: heating/cooling, renewable energy. lighting

Typology of Shading Devices

Horizontal Shading for South Orientation

Vertical Shading for East/ West orientations

Movable Overhang

a movable shading device w/ just 2 simple adjustments per year can function extremely well

Length of Overhang

use wider overhang / vertical fins on each side of window

Shading for North Orientation

sun hits facade from NE and NW during the summer. Fins can be used to control oblique light as well. it is a function of the latitude, window size and fin depth/ frequency.

Fixed Rotated Fins for West (or East)

fixed rotated fins toward NW, blocks the West sun and open to North sky. This strategy works in climates w/ hot summer tmeps, and helps to control glare.

Vertical Fins

solar penetration can be reduced by moving fins closer together, making them deeper