Articulation and Phonology-- Module 1

Speech

Making vocal sounds.

Language

A rule-based system for the use of symbols, including speech symbols, to convey meaning.

Communication

The process of sharing information or conveying messages.

Phonology

The knowledge of language rules that underlie spech (Elements: distinctive features, phones, syllables, stress, and intonation… they give influential meaning to spoken productions). The symbol system to use sounds for meaning

Articulation

The system of vocal tract movements, which make sounds

Is the voice always present in articulation

No, there are certain sounds that are voiceless

Is articulation accurate if not fluent?

Yes, if the meaning is still there and the acrticulation is still conveying the meaning (i-, i-, i-)

What systems of representation must be distinguished perceptually to use articulation to communicate?

Both phonology and articulation (important to take into considerations for infants)

Articulation Disorder

Errors are due to how the speaker is making the sounds (what movements or postures are used). The motor processes of planning or executing speech interfere with intelligibility. Some individuals may have different processes with producing speech/voice that may have less intelligibility, but it isnt always the articulation, there may be something else affecting intellibibility. (motor processes of planning or executing speech can interfere with intelligibility).

Phonological disorder

Errors are due to how the speaker is using sounds to make contrasts in meaning (e.g., rules about what patterns/orders of sounds are allowed where in a word). An impared use of the sounnd system of a language; errors in the sounds or sound arrangements for speaking words or sentences. Impaired use of rules underlying sounds for systems of language are impacting the individuals intelligibility (the order and rules of the sound are impacted). The way theyre using the sounds, they are not understood. The rules of OUR language don’t align with it. Phonologicl difference. If all of us decided to use those patterns instead of the ones used currently— then it would just be a different language! So it is important to recognize thaat speech disorders (artic or phon) have social context and impact.

Phone

Any spoken sound- with or without meaning “oo” and “ooooh”

Phonemes

A concept of a unit of sound that distinguishes meaning. E.g. /t/ vs /d/ (two vs do… are different words). Phonemes are the sound elements in the phonological system. Phonemes are important to create contrasts that can be detected by a listener to change the meaning of what has been spoken. CONTRASTS IN MEANING THAT LISTENERS CAN DETECT!

Allophone

The variations in the productions of phonemes that do not results in a change in the meaning of a word. The phonological system of American English has many allophonic variations of phonemes. Any of the various phonetic realizations of a phoneme in language, which do not contribute to distinctions of meaning. Ex: aspirated P (as in pin) and un aspirated (as in spin)

Phonetics

What sounds are made? How are they made in the vocal tract? What features describe them. Shows us that English speakers make released /t/’s, unreleased /t/’s, and flaps, as gestural variants of the phoneme /t/.

Phonotactics

How do sounds combine? How do they affect each other? (e.g., interdental /d/ in “width"“) What restricts their location next to other sounds? (both are aspects of phonology!) Shows us that English speakers follow rules, such as which clusters are allowed in which positions. For example, /ts/ can end a word (e.g., cats) but not start a word.

Sounds

Vowels, consonants

Structures

Sound order, sylables, syllable structure, and syllable order.

What makes vowels different from consonants?

Degree of constriction

Are vowels and consonants spoken as totally seperate sounds in order? Or do they overlap?

They overlap.

As they are produced, do they influence the way each other are made?

They do. Coarticulation (see and sue)

Allomorphs

A variation of a morpheme that does not alter the meaning of the original morpheme.

Morphemes

The study of the structure of words and the rules for combining word parts to create complete words. The word parts may include, as an example, full words or grammatical markers indicating posession, plurality, and past tense.

Morphology

Pieces or word parts. Classified in two different ways… 1) free- Can stand on its own and carries meaning on its own. 2) bound- cannot stand alone… such as -ing because it only derives meaning when it is bound to another free morpheme such as in “pulling”

Pragmatics

The study of language and how language is used in a wide range of communicative and social contexts

Semantics

The component of language that inclused the meanings of words and utterances. This involves the words or vocabulary of a language, AKA the lexicon.

Syntax

A component that reflects the form of a language. Refers to the rules for how words are sequenced in phrases and sentances to convey the intended message.