medicine - topic 2

What does PILO stand for

Pain, infection, loss of blood, operations that are complex

who was a medieval surgeon ?

• most surgeons were barbers who combined hair cutting with small surgical operations such as blood letting and tooth extraction

• surgeons learnt their skills by watching and copying another surgeon - many learnt on the medieval battlefield but couldn’t treat anyone with a deep wound

Negatives of medieval surgery

• operated without effective painkillers

• had no idea that dirt carried disease

• couldn’t help patients with deep wounds to the body

• thought pus in a wound was good

What did a medieval surgeon do ?

• bloodletting - balance the humours

• amputation - cutting off of a painful or damaged part of the body e.g. cancer

• trepanning - drilling a hole into the skull to ‘remove demons’ e.g. for epilepsy

• cauterisation - burning a wound to stop the flow of blood using a heated iron

• used anaesthetics - deals with pain e.g. opium

Who was Abulcasis ?

• Muslim surgeon - wrote Al Tasrif- 1000

• Invented 26 new surgical instruments and other procedures - made cauterisation popular

• Considered the father of modern medicine - pioneer of ligatures which are then developed by Paré

Who were Hugh of Lucca and his son Theodoric ?

• book - 1267 - the surgery of Theodoric

• criticised the common view that pus was needed for a wound to heal - they used wine on wounds to prevent infection

• their ideas about infection clashed with Hippocrates - didn’t become popular - however alcohol is used today

Who was De Chauliac ?

• wrote Great Surgery in 1363

• his book referenced Greek and Islamic writers such as Avicenna - it quotes Galen 890 times - opposed Theodoric of Lucca’s ideas about preventing infection - this was the main reason their ideas didn’t become popular

• Dominated French and English surgical knowledge for 200 years

Who was John of Ardene ?

• wrote Practica in 1376

• Used opium and henbane to dull pain - most famous Medieval English surgeon - he helped knights deal with anal abscess - set up a guild of surgeons in London in 1368 to train them

• book was based on Greek and Arab knowledge and his experience in the Hundred Years War between England and France - he was an example of early anaesthetics

Who was Mondino de Luzzi ?

• led the new interest in anatomy in the 14th century

• 1316 - wrote the book Anathomia- became the standard dissection manual for over 200 years

• 1315 - supervised public dissection permitted in Bologna - but the body didn’t fit Galen’s description - the body was thought to be wrong

Who was Frugardi ?

• wrote a textbook called The Practice of Surgery - 1180

• book was widely used in Europe

• He warned against trepanning, tried ambitious operations on the chest and attempted to remove bladder stones

When did the printing press come into play and what was its impact ?

Invented in 1440 - instead of copying books out by hand they could now be printed - produced faster and in greater numbers - people gained access to these books - questioned old discoveries and made new ones

Who was Vesalius ? (EARLY MODERN)

• had ideas on anatomy

• pre-renaissance ideas were that Galen’s ideas of the body was correct - dissections were only done to prove Galen right

• Book - Fabric of the human body (1543)

• Medical discovery - used dissections to prove Galen wrong e.g. the human body has 3 parts to the breast bone not 7 like in an ape, he had clear and precise images in his book and they were extremely valuable

What was the impact of Vesalius ?

• short term - had to leave his job for opposing Galen, he was valued in England despite not leading to cures for example 1545 Thomas Geminus copied Vesalius’ illustrations and put them into a manual for barber surgeons called

• Long term - 16th century anatomists followed his approach and started to overturn centuries of Galen’s influence, showed people how to do dissections e.g. Fabricius and Fallopius used his work

• Opposition - he faced opposition as he went against Galen