rad protection chapter 16

The isotopes used in brachytherapy are characterized by

very short half-lives.

half-lives that are exactly the same in terms of multiple days, months, or years.

relatively long half-lives that are measured in terms of multiple days, months, or

years and, except for a few of them, by relatively high energy emissions.

half-lives that remain constant for all eternity.

relatively long half lives . . .

Iodine-125 (125I53) has been used quite extensively since 2000 in the form of titanium-encapsulated cylindrical seeds to give a tumoricidal radiation equivalent dose to

malignant brain tumors.

malignant breast tumors.

malignant lung tumors.

cancers that are confined within the prostate gland.

cancers that are confined within the prostate gland

Tellurium-125 (125Te52) has

125 protons and 125 neutrons.

75 protons and 63 neutrons.

52 protons and 73 neutrons.

45 protons and 58 neutrons.

52 protons and 73 neutrons

What is the half-life of Technetium-99m?

6 hours

3 hours

6 minutes

3 minutes

6 hours

In __________, a neutron transforms itself into a combination of a proton and an energetic electron.

alpha decay

beta decay

gamma decay

x-ray absorption

beta decay

Considering the design of the medical imaging suites listed below, which suite requires shielding for the highest energy photons?

CT suite

PET-CT imaging suite

Digital mammography suite

Digital fluoroscopy suite

PET-CT imaging suite

While a patient receiving Iodine-131 (131I53) therapy is hospitalized, a large, _________, movable lead shield can be positioned between the patient and any attending personnel for protection.

up to 25-mm or 1-inch-thick

up to 50-mm or 2-inch-thick

up to 75-mm or 3-inch-thick

up to 150-mm or 6-inch-thick

up to 25mm or 1 inch thick

Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine typically make use of ___________ radioisotopes as radioactive tracers.

long-lived

short-lived

very weak

potentially lethal

short lived

Each Fluorine-18 (18F) nuclear transformation by positron decay yields two highly penetrating _________ photons.

250 keV

472 keV

511 keV

777 keV

511 kev

Of the following four choices, the design of a _______________ imaging suite will usually require the most lead shielding?

diagnostic x-ray

computed radiography

computed tomography

PET-CT

PET-CT

Any radioactive material that is attached to or associated with dust particles or in liquid form and is found on various surfaces is referred to as

radioactive contamination.

a radioactive dispersal device.

radioactive fallout.

radioactive syndrome.

radioactive contamination

The actual long-term health effects of a "dirty bomb" are likely to be

a. catastrophic.

b. maximal.

c. minimal.

d. nonexistent.

minimal

During a radiation emergency, the dose limit for individuals engaging in lifesaving activities is

50 mSv per event.

100 mSv per event.

250 mSv per event.

500 mSv per event.

250 mSv per event

During a radiation emergency, if the dose rate exceeds ____________, emergency personnel should await specific instructions from radiation experts on how to proceed.

0.1 Sv/hr

0.5 Sv/hr

1.0 Sv/hr

5.0 Sv/hr

0.1 Sv/hr

If enough explosives are used to spread radioactive material over a broad area, then radioactivity is

extremely hazardous and may be much higher than background levels.

moderately hazardous and may be higher than background levels.

slightly hazardous and may be only slightly higher than background levels.

diluted and may not be much higher than background levels.

diluted and may not be much higher than background levels

Gamma rays differ from x-rays

because they are a form of electromagnetic radiation and x-rays are not.

because x-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation and gamma rays are not.

only in the method of how they are produced.

only because they are of much lower energy.

only in the method of how they are produced

A solid encapsulated radioactive source

can be handled with the hands without any protective covering of the hands.

can be handled with the hands at any time as long as vinyl gloves are worn.

can only occasionally be handled with the hands as long as vinyl gloves are worn.

is never to be touched directly with the hands; instead long tongs which add distance should be use

is never to be touched directly . . .

At the conclusion of a brachytherapy or diagnostic radionuclide procedure, any residual isotope

is to be returned to its shielded container.

is to be returned to its unshielded container.

is thrown directly into a regular trash can for disposal.

is dumped into any regular sink and washed down the drain.

is to be returned to its shielded container

Radioiodide tablets that dissolve in the bloodstream permit an escape of some radioactivity through

1. the pores of the skin.

2. urination.

3. vomiting in some special cases.

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

All of the options

all of the options

The National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health maintain a website that contains a wealth of information on dealing with radiation emergencies. It contains which of the following?

1. Both basic and advanced methods for decontamination

2. Methods to reduce exposure

3. Specific medical emergency procedures for various situations

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

All of the options

all of the options

A becquerel (Bq) is defined as

1000 disintegrations per second.

100 disintegrations per second.

10 disintegrations per second.

1 disintegration per second.

1 disintegration per second

Monoclonal antibodies (MAB) are antibodies that preferentially bind always to a specific

part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody.

part of an amino acid that is recognized by the antibody.

carbohydrates.

hormone.

part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody

The success of radioimmunotherapy depends on the selective accumulation of

an abundance of amino acids at affected areas.

cytotoxic radioisotopes at affected areas.

hormones at affected areas.

malignant cells at the affected areas.

an abundance of amino acids at affected areas

If surface contamination from radioactive material is suspected, personnel, when working with patients, should wear

1. gowns.

2. masks.

3. gloves.

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

All of the options

all of the options

Potassium iodide can be administered to block further uptake of radioactive iodine in the

thymus gland.

thyroid gland.

pancreas.

spleen.

thyroid gland