world his quiz ch 19 & 20

Medieval Trade Routes

Trans-Saharan, Silk Road, Mediterranean + Indian Ocean Basin

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

West Africa + Mediterranean, caravans of camels

Silk Road

China + West, caravans of camels, cut off in 1453 when Ottomans take over Constinople

Mediterraneon + Indean Ocean Basin

short distances, square sales

15/16th centuries

European cross the Atlantic, rise in global contract, global trade explodes

Columbian exchange

widespread transfer of plants, animals, humans, diseases, and ideas following 15+16th oceanic voyages

Guns

developed in 9th cent China; used heavily amongst Islamic Empires in 16-18th c; Europe uses, innovates, + advances

Islamic Empires in 16-18th c

Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals

Ottomans

conquere Constantinople in 1453, control spice trade, middle men

Printing press

first appears in Europe in mid 15th c; created higher demand for books + more literacy (commonly known as Gutenburg's press)

Henry the Navigator

15th c portugese king promoting exploration interested in christians and spices

New naval tech

astrolabe, lateen sail, rudder, magnetic compass, better maps, caravel

Bartolomeu Dias

Portugese explorer who rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean- 1498

Christopher Columbus

Explorer funded by Spain searching for westward route to India (spices); 1492 landed in Hispaniola

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe; Spain, 1522

Martin Luther

led the protestant reformation; believed "indulgences" had corrupted the church; wrote 95 theses; translated the bible into German

John Calvin

followed teachings of Martin Luther and wrote a book on how to follow protestantism

Church of England

Protestant church led by the king of England; Anglicans

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders in response to protestant reformation; leads them to send out more global missionaries

Peace of Augsburg 1555

princes decide the religion of their territory

30 years war

largest prod v catholic war

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation; steps down in 1556

new monarchs

limit power of nobility, increase administrative staff, grow financial base collecting taxes, build armies

absolute monarchs

Louis XIV, Peter I of Russia, Catherine II of Russia

constitutional states

England + Dutch Republic

english bill of rights 1689

parliament

mercantilism

state driven economic system which emphasizes building of mineral wealth by means of favorable balance/trade

major goal of mercantilism

keep wealth w/in country, establish colonies: get raw materials for manufacturing + new markets for selling goods

mineral wealth

gold + silver

balance of trade

more exports than imports

capitalism

economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market + seek to take advantage of market conditions; putting out system

joint-stock companies

increase investment- expands capitalism

Adam Smith

economic liberalism; promotion of free market

economic liberalism

theory that persuit of individual self-interest in a competetive market would lead to rising prosperity + greater social equality. Govt intervention is unecessary

Scientific Revolution

period of intellectual transformation in western europe in which astronomers + physicists rejected traditionally held beliefs + instead adopted new understanding of the natural world based on direct observation + math reasoning

Aristotle +Ptolemy

geocentrism

Nicolas Copernicus

heliocentrism

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct; observing stars/planets

Johannes Kepler

Created the laws of planetary motion; eliptical orbits + differing planetary speeds

Galileo Galilei

discovers crevices on the moon; does a series of physics experiments

Isaac Newton

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy; idea of gravity

Francis Bacon

empirical research based on evidence

Rene Descartes

deductive reasoning; "I think therefore I am"

Modern bodily thinkers

Vesallius, William Harvey

Vesallius

father of anatomy

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood

old beliefs carrying on

astrology, alchemy

enlightenment

intellectual movement promoting reason in all fields of thinking and rejecting trad. beliefs

center of enlightenment

france

thinkers of enlightenment

philosophs

ideas of enlightenment

legal equality, progress, individual freedom, popular sovereignty, for the people

Republic of Letters

A phrase describing the phenomenon of increased correspondence in the form of letters exchanged between the influential philosophers and other thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment.