Bio Lab #8

Bastopore of all phylum chordates?

Deuterostomes (becomes anus)

Tissue layers of all Phylum chordates?

Triploblastic

Body cavity of all Phylum Chordates

Coelomates

Symmetry of all phylum chordates

Bilateral Symmetry

What kind of hearts do clade aves have?

Four chambered hearts

Endothermic

regulating heat with their own internal body temperature.

How do clade aves regulate heat?

Endothermic

Filoplumes feathers

very stiff shaft; found in the base of the eyelashes and near the beak and play a sensory role.

Down feather

fluffy and used for insulation.

Contour feather

Flight feathers; aerofoil; aid in waterproofing.

What are the types of feathers in clade aves?

Contour, Down, and filoplumes feathers.

What are the organisms in Clade aves?

Hummingbird, ostrich, cardinal, emperor penguin, pelican, and eagle

What does Clade aves consist of?

Birds

What certain organisms consists in mammals?

Elephant, Dolphins, Platypus, Echidna, Tasmanian devil, and kangaroo.

Placental Mammals

Placenta; born fully developed after a period of gestation where nutrients and gas exchange occurs between the mother and the developing embryo via the placenta.

Marsupials

known as pouched mammals; embryonic development begins within a short period in the mothers uterus.

Cloaca

single opening where the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems all discharge.

Monotremes

possess all characteristics of mammals; they have oviparous birth (they lay eggs) and have a cloaca

What three subgroups are mammals divided into?

Monotremata (Monotremes) , metatheria (marsupials) , and Eutheria (placental mammals).

What kind of heart do mammals have?

4 chambered hearts

How do mammals generate heat?

Endothermic

What type of birth do mammals give?

viviparous

Mammary glands produce what in mammals?

Produce milk for nourishment of newborns

What do modern mammals have?

Body hair (at some stage of development), two pairs of appendages, mammary glands, internal fertilization.

What does the clade Mammalia consist of?

Mammals

What kind of hearts do Clade reptiles have?

three to four-chambered hearts

How do Clade reptilia generate heat?

Ectothermic

What is another term for the name of the shell in a amniotic egg?

Chorion

Amniotic egg

self-contained eggs with leathery or calcified shells allow the animal to bypass the larval stage. Fertilized internally, allowing gas exchange across the shell.

What evolved in the Clade Reptilia?

Amniotic egg

What organisms are in the Clade Reptilia?

Turtles, Snakes, Tyrannosaurus, Lizards and Alligators

What consists of the Clade Reptilia?

Reptiles

In what order do caecilians classify in?

Order Apoda

In what order do Salamanders classify in?

Order Urodela

In what order do frogs and toads classify in?

Order Anura

Can amphibians survive in high concentrations of glycerol?

yes

How are amphibians ectethermic?

They regulate their body temperatures by moving to different microclimates.

Ectothermic

regulating body temperature using the environment

In what form do amphibians generate heat?

Ectothermic

What are the types of respiration in Clade Amphibia?

Lungs (adult stage), through the skin, and gills (only larvae stage).

How many types of respiration are there in Clade amphibia?

3

What organisms are in Clade Amphibia?

Toad, Frog, Caecilian, and Salamander

Are swim bladders present in Perch?

Yes

Are gill slits present in Perch?

yes

Are Jaws present in Perch?

Yes

Are paired fins present in Perch?

Yes

Are scales present in Perch?

Yes

Are swim bladders present in sharks?

No

Are Gill slits present in sharks?

Yes

Are Jaws present in Sharks?

Yes

Are paired fins present in sharks?

Yes

Are Scales present in sharks?

Yes

Are swim bladders present in Lampreys?

No

Are gill slits present in Lampreys?

Yes

Are jaws present in Lampreys?

No

Are paired fins present on Lampreys?

No

Are scales present on Lampreys?

No

The clade Osteichthyes consists of what organisms?

Lungfish, Flatfish, Perch, Sturgeon, and Seahorse

Lungfish gave the rise of which structure?

fleshy fins and the presence of lungs (a modified swim bladder) in some species.

What does the clade sarcopterygii consist of?

lungfish and coelacanths

Why are most of the bony fish placed into clade actinopterygii?

a bony ray is present that makes up the majority of the fin.

swim bladder

gas-filled organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy and position in the water column.

Lateral line

The sensory organ that detects vibrations in the water that help fish detect and follow prey, avoid predators, participate in schooling behaviors, and sense changes in water flow or pressure.

Bony fish are fusiform, What does that mean? what is it used for?

tapered at both ends; and streamlined for locomotion.

Greek “ichthys” means?

fish

greek “oste” means?

bone

What does Osteichthyes mean?

Bony fishes; oste meaning bone and ichthys meaning fish

What do clade osteichthyes consist of?

Clades actinopterygii and sarcopterygii (bony and fusiform)

What are rays recognizable for?

flattened appearance and undulations as they propel themselves through the water; tails contain one or more venomous barbs that help protect the ray from predators.

Caudal Fin (clade chondrichthyes)

Fin at the very end of the organism; longer then the ventral side.

What do male Chondrichthyes possess?

Claspers or other specialized structures which are used for sperm transfer during mating

What characteristics do clade chondrichthyes have?

Jaws, Cartilaginous skeletons, Placoid scales, Paired fins, and nares (paired nostrils).

What kind of fishes are Clade Cyclostomatas

Jawless Fishes

What kind of fishes are Clade Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous Fishes

What structure does chondrichthyes do not have?

swim bladders

ovoviviparous

When a egg is hatched internally, followed by live birth

oviparous

hatched from egg

viviparous

live birth

What are the different birth methods of chondrichthyes?

• Viviparous

• Oviparous

• Ovoviviparous

In clade chondrichthyes, how many birth methods are there?

3

What does clade chondrichthyes consist of?

ray, Dogfish, Hammerhead shark, electric ray, sawfish

What are non-structure information about Clade Cyclostomata?

• Jawless, cartilaginous skeletons, no paired fins, a single nostrol, no scales, and two-chambered heart,

• Freshwater species

• hagfish are marine species

• Little are gnathostomes (pocess true jaw) which is derived from one of the gill arches

What does Clade Cyclostomata consist of?

Lamprey

What are the different clades of subphylum vertebrates?

• Cyclostomata

• Chondrichthyes

• Osteichthyes

• Amphibia

• Reptilia

• Aves

• Mammalia

What are the second 4 classes of living vertebrates?

land-dwelling tetrapods

What are the first 4 classes of living vertebrates?

fishes that live in the water

How many principal classes of living vertebrates are there?

8

What are joint appendages? Characteristic in vertebrates

Two pairs of appendages that can include fins, wings, legs, forelimbs, or hind limbs. Some groups, like snakes, may have a secondary derived limbless body form.

Which organs are characteristics in the vertebrates?

Livers, kidneys, and endocrine glands are characteristics of the group. All vertebrates have a heart; closed circulatory system

is the circulatory and its excretory system different in vertebrates than others?

yes

What is the neural crest based on the characteristics of vertebrates?

A unique group of embryonic cells called the neural crest contributes to the development of many vertebrate structures.

Whats an advantage of having bone over chitin as a structural material?

Bone is strong without being brittle

What is the endoskeleton?

The endoskeleton of most vertebrates is made of cartilage or bone. Cartilage and bone are specialized tissues containing fibers of the protein collagen compacted together.

How is the cranium different from other organisms in phylum chordata?

Except for all early fishes; there is a distinct and well differentiated head with a skull and brain.

How is the vertebral developed?

Notochord is replaced during embryonic development by a bony vertebral column that encloses and protects the dorsal hollow nerve chord.

What advances in characteristics did subphylum vertebrates evolve?

The vertebral column, Cranium, Endoskeleton, Neural crest, internal organs, and joint appendages.

Can you give Non-structural information about lancelets?

• Scaleless, fish like marine chordates that widely occur in shallow water throughout the oceans of the world.

• Lack pigment in their skin

• Lancelets feed on microscopic plankton, using a current created by beating cilia that line the oral hood, pharynx, and gill slits.

• sexes are seperate

lancelets will show up on which kind of microscope?

DIS (Dissection)

What characteristics do Lancelets have?

Notochord, Dorsal nerve cord, and Pharyngeal gill slits.

What may be in colonial tunicates that may not be in others?

colonial: living in masses; Common sac and common opening to the outside.