what do hormones and other signalling molecules bind to triggering specific response pathways
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feedback regulation and coordination
what in the nervous system is common in the endocrine system
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circulatory system
where are hormones (chemical signals) secreted into to communicate regulatory messages
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endocrine and nervous system
the two systems that coordinate communication throughout the body
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endocrine system
system that secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting responses
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nervous system
system that conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons through dedicated pathways (signals regulate other cells)
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type of secreting cell, route taken by a signal in reaching its target
The ways signals are transmitted between animal cells are classified by which two criteria
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maintains homeostasis, regulates growth and development, mediates responses to stimuli
responsibilities of endocrine system
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bloodstream
how do the hormones that are secreted into the extracellular fluid by endocrine cells reach to targets
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local regulators
molecules that act over short distances and reach target cells only by diffusion
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paracrine signalling
the target cells lie near the secreting cells & of different type
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autocrine signalling
the target cell is also the secreting cell and/or the same type of cell
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synaptic signalling
neurons form specialized junctions with target cells called synapses (paracrine is a muscle, autocrine if neuron)
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neurotransmitters
at synapses, neurons secrete __ that diffuse short distances and bind to target cell receptors
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neuroendocrine signalling
type of signalling where specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that travel to target cells via the bloodstream
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pheromones
used by members of animal species to communicate; are chemicals that are released into the environment
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polypeptides, amines from amino acids, steroid hormones
three major classes of hormones in vertebrates
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lipid soluble hormones
pass easily through cell membranes (steroid hormones)
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water-soluble hormones
dont pass easily through the cell membrane (polypeptides and amines)
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gas
Many cells can produce this that have local signalling effects due to their small size and lack of charge which allows for them to diffuse freely
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proteins
many of the most familiar hormones are __ encoded by genes (insulin, growth factors)
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amine hormones
hormones that are signalling factors produced from amino acids (neuronal signalling factors)
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water-soluble hormones
hormones that are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell surface receptors
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lipid soluble hormones
diffuse across cell membranes, travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins, diffuse through membrane of target cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
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signal transduction pathway
binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to what
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epinephrine
multiple effects in mediating the bodys response to short term stress; can trigger a pathway which breaks down glycogen which released glucose into bloodstream
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change in gene expression
what is the usual response to lipid-soluble hormones
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type of receptor and signal transduction pathway
same hormones can have different effects on cells depending on what
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thyroid hormones
hormones that regulate metabolism in vertebrates; also control the metamorphosis of the larva into adult in frogs
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endocrine glands
where the endocrine cells are often grouped into ductless organs(thyroid, parathyroid, testes, ovaries); these secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid
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exocrine glands
(salivary glands) ducts which carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities
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regulatory pathways
hormones are assembled into __ __
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positive feedback loop
reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response (oxytocin)
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negative feedback loop
loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity
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simple neuroendocrine pathway
In a simple neuroendocrine pathway, the stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which stimulates a neurosecretory cell The neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone, which enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells
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oxytocin
released from the posterior pituitary due to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
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ecdysteroid
found in invertebrates where when in presence of juvenile hormone, moulting is promoted, but in absence of JH, the development of adult characteristics
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posterior hypothalamus
which part of the hypothalamus stores and secretes hormones
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hypothalamus
what plays a central role in integrating the endocrine and nervous systems
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pituitary gland
is attached to the hypothalamus and has a posterior and anterior side
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nervous, endocrine
The hypothalamus receives information from the __ system and initiates responses through __ signalling
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posterior pituitary
the extension of the hypothalamus which stores and secretes hormones the hypo
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anterior pituitary
extension of the hypothalamus which makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus
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oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
two hormones released from the posterior pituitary that act on nonendocrine tissue
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oxytocin
regulates milk secretion by mammary glands
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releasing and inhibiting
Hormone production in the anterior pituitary is controlled by __ and __ hormones secreted from the hypothalamus
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tropic hormones
many anterior pituitary hormones act as __ __; regulate function of other endocrine cells or glands
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thyroid hormone
a hormone that in humans and other mammals regulates many functions
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thyroropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
what is released by the hypothalamus when thyroid levels are low
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
secreting by anterior pituitary when TRH is released
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Hypothyroidism
too little thyroid function, can lead to symptoms such as Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance
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Hyperthyroidism
excessive production of thyroid hormone, can lead to High temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure
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Malnutrition
(e.g., iodine deficiency) can alter thyroid function (e.g., disruption of negative feedback loop)
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growth hormone (GH)
the hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland that has tropic and nontropic effects; promotes growth directly
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parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin
the two antagonistic hormones that regulate the homeostasis of calcium
Studied by 25 people
