Hormones and Endocrine System 

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63 Terms

1

target receptors

what do hormones and other signalling molecules bind to triggering specific response pathways

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2

feedback regulation and coordination

what in the nervous system is common in the endocrine system

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3

circulatory system

where are hormones (chemical signals) secreted into to communicate regulatory messages

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4

endocrine and nervous system

the two systems that coordinate communication throughout the body

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5

endocrine system

system that secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting responses

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6

nervous system

system that conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons through dedicated pathways (signals regulate other cells)

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7

type of secreting cell, route taken by a signal in reaching its target

The ways signals are transmitted between animal cells are classified by which two criteria

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8

maintains homeostasis, regulates growth and development, mediates responses to stimuli

responsibilities of endocrine system

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9

bloodstream

how do the hormones that are secreted into the extracellular fluid by endocrine cells reach to targets

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10

local regulators

molecules that act over short distances and reach target cells only by diffusion

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11

paracrine signalling

the target cells lie near the secreting cells & of different type

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12

autocrine signalling

the target cell is also the secreting cell and/or the same type of cell

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13

synaptic signalling

neurons form specialized junctions with target cells called synapses (paracrine is a muscle, autocrine if neuron)

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14

neurotransmitters

at synapses, neurons secrete __ that diffuse short distances and bind to target cell receptors

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15

neuroendocrine signalling

type of signalling where specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that travel to target cells via the bloodstream

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16

pheromones

used by members of animal species to communicate; are chemicals that are released into the environment

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17

polypeptides, amines from amino acids, steroid hormones

three major classes of hormones in vertebrates

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18

lipid soluble hormones

pass easily through cell membranes (steroid hormones)

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19

water-soluble hormones

dont pass easily through the cell membrane (polypeptides and amines)

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20

gas

Many cells can produce this that have local signalling effects due to their small size and lack of charge which allows for them to diffuse freely

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21

proteins

many of the most familiar hormones are __ encoded by genes (insulin, growth factors)

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22

amine hormones

hormones that are signalling factors produced from amino acids (neuronal signalling factors)

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23

water-soluble hormones

hormones that are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell surface receptors

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24

lipid soluble hormones

diffuse across cell membranes, travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins, diffuse through membrane of target cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

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25

signal transduction pathway

binding of a hormone to its receptor leads to what

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26

epinephrine

multiple effects in mediating the bodys response to short term stress; can trigger a pathway which breaks down glycogen which released glucose into bloodstream

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27

change in gene expression

what is the usual response to lipid-soluble hormones

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28

type of receptor and signal transduction pathway

same hormones can have different effects on cells depending on what

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29

thyroid hormones

hormones that regulate metabolism in vertebrates; also control the metamorphosis of the larva into adult in frogs

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30

endocrine glands

where the endocrine cells are often grouped into ductless organs(thyroid, parathyroid, testes, ovaries); these secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid

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31

exocrine glands

(salivary glands) ducts which carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities

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32

regulatory pathways

hormones are assembled into __ __

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33

positive feedback loop

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response (oxytocin)

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34

negative feedback loop

loop inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

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35

simple neuroendocrine pathway

In a simple neuroendocrine pathway, the stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which stimulates a neurosecretory cell The neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone, which enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells

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36

oxytocin

released from the posterior pituitary due to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

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37

ecdysteroid

found in invertebrates where when in presence of juvenile hormone, moulting is promoted, but in absence of JH, the development of adult characteristics

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38

posterior hypothalamus

which part of the hypothalamus stores and secretes hormones

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39

hypothalamus

what plays a central role in integrating the endocrine and nervous systems

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40

pituitary gland

is attached to the hypothalamus and has a posterior and anterior side

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41

nervous, endocrine

The hypothalamus receives information from the __ system and initiates responses through __ signalling

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42

posterior pituitary

the extension of the hypothalamus which stores and secretes hormones the hypo

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43

anterior pituitary

extension of the hypothalamus which makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus

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44

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

two hormones released from the posterior pituitary that act on nonendocrine tissue

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45

oxytocin

regulates milk secretion by mammary glands

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46

releasing and inhibiting

Hormone production in the anterior pituitary is controlled by __ and __ hormones secreted from the hypothalamus

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47

tropic hormones

many anterior pituitary hormones act as __ __; regulate function of other endocrine cells or glands

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48

thyroid hormone

a hormone that in humans and other mammals regulates many functions

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49

thyroropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

what is released by the hypothalamus when thyroid levels are low

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50

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

secreting by anterior pituitary when TRH is released

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51

Hypothyroidism

too little thyroid function, can lead to symptoms such as Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance

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52

Hyperthyroidism

excessive production of thyroid hormone, can lead to High temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure

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53

Malnutrition

(e.g., iodine deficiency) can alter thyroid function (e.g., disruption of negative feedback loop)

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54

growth hormone (GH)

the hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland that has tropic and nontropic effects; promotes growth directly

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55

parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin

the two antagonistic hormones that regulate the homeostasis of calcium

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56

parathyroid glands

what released parathyroid hormones

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57

thyroid gland

what released calcitonin

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58

increases level of blood Ca2+

what does PTH do

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59

decreases level of blood Ca2+

what does calcitonin do

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60

adrenal medulla (inner portion), adrenal cortex (outer portion)

two glands of the adrenal gland

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61

epinephrine and norepinephrine

what two things does the adrenal medulla secrete

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62

corticosteroids

the adrenal cortex releases what after reacting to endocrine signals

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63

corticosteroids, glucocorticoids

what two corticosteroids are produced from the hormone cascade pathway

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