ap world review terms (unit 5)

a little bit, actually all over the place entirely. thanks!

khanates

four regional divisions into which the Mongol Empire was divided after Genghis Khan’s death

initial belief abt the solar system? what was it called?

the earth was the center of the universe (based on ideas of Aristotle). geocentric.

four humors?

blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile!

used to explain the causes of everything about human nature

causes of the scientific revolution

• medieval universities provided framework for new view

• renaissance stimulated science with rediscovery of ancient math

• more advanced tools (like teloscopes) improved scientific method

empirical, experimental research became more common

the copernican hypothesis

hypothesis developed by nicholas copernicus (1473-1543) that overturned medieval view of universe

he stated that the earth revolved around the sun, which is heliocentric!!

this view went against views of both Catholic and Protestant churches

list the allies of copernicus!

1. tycho brahe (sad egg boy)

2. johannes kepler (chopsticks king)

3. galileo galilei (one of the seven dwarfs i guess! interesting name)

tycho brahe

• built an observatory + collected data

• provided evidence that supported heliocentric theory (yay!)

johannes kepler

• calculations also supported heliocentrism!

• discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits

galileo galilei

• confirmed copernicus’ theory thru telescope observations (my little nerd)

• discovery of moon craters and sunspots contradicted classical view of “heavenly bodies” (church is not gonna like this man..)

• catholic church tried and convicted galileo of heresy (i was right!)

isaac newton (apple man)

• integrated astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo

• formulated math principles to explain motion (arghhhh)

• the core of his theory was the universal law of gravity

results of scientific revolution

1. creation of international scientific community

2. development of scientific method

3. little impact on the masses until 18th century (dumbb choice)

absolutism

system of gov where monarch (usually a hereditary ruler) has all the power

key ideas:

• divine right

• everyone benefits from an all-powerful ruler

divine right

ruler’s power comes from god

aspects of absolute rule

• rulers fought frequent wars to gain more power

• France had largest army in Europe under Louis XIV

• wars of Spanish Succession : an attempt to unite France and Spain under one ruler

examples of how absolute rulers used nobility to maintain control!

louis XIV - had 10k nobles @ Versailles

akbar - mansabar system where he used nobles to collect taxes

who was the absolute ruler that was religiously tolerant?

Akbar the Great was muslim, but was tolerant of other religions!

even removed jizya (special tax for all non-Muslims)

created “divine faith” by combining beliefs of 7 religions (wow! a man of culture)

which absolute ruler was religiously intolerant? hmmm

Louis XIV (14)

he was catholic and intolerant, particularly of French Protestants

over 200k protestants left france during reign womp womp

jizya

special tax paid by all non-muslims

john locke

1. rejected divine right

2. natural rights

3. only rulers who respect the rights of ppl deserve to stay in power

voltaire

• did not believe in democracy (boo)

• enlightened monarch is best!

• believed in equality before the law (make up ur mind sir)

• advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state

state

political entity with a government

soverignty

the right and power of a person or a nation to govern themselves

thomas hobbes

• advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of gov that could resolve problems called by human selfishness (so harsh man…)

rousseau

• wrote “The Social Contract”

• believed ppl are born good

• believed in government by the “general will”

montesquieu

• used scientific method to study various govs

• believed in separation of powers

mary wollstonecraft

• believed women possessed reason thus were equal to men

• believed women were entitled to an education

denis diderot

• believed in spreading knowledge to challenge traditional ways

• believed in religious toleration

magna carta (1215)

established the rights of englishmen:

1. right to trial by jury

2. right to face your accuser in court

3. right to a speedy trial

also, no taxation w/o consent of parliament (nobility)

bourgeoisie

french for middle class

rise of english burgeoisie

• rise of commercial + merchant capitalism

• granted representation in the english parliament (House of Commons)

• conflicts btwn parliament and the king (over taxation, religion) increased importance

specifics of christianity

catholic church

protestant church -

1. Lutheranism (Martin Luther)

2. Calvinism (John Calvin)

3. Anglicanism (King Henry VIII)

origins of english civil war

• conflict over divine right of kings

• conflict btwn Anglican and Puritans

• conflict btwn kings and parliament

• charles attempts to arrest his opponents in Parliament after

what are the two sides of the english civil war?

royalists (“cavaliers”) versus parliamentarians (“roundheads”)

royalists/“cavaliers”

• mostly nobles

• loyal to Anglican church and king

parliamentarians/“roundheads”

• small landholders

• middle class

• mostly Puritan

moderates vs radicals during English Civil War

after the capture of Charles I, the roundheads disagreed on his fate

moderates : bring him back with limited power

radicals : execute him and form a republic

English Republic

• england becomes a republic

• Oliver Cromwell (roundhead leader) kicks out moderates

• parliament votes to end monarchy and abolish House of Lords

Origins of the Glorious Revolution

• republic ends in 1655 when cromwell becomes a dictator

• after cromwell’s death (good argh), monarchy is restored

• Charles II ruled in a relatively peaceful period

James II

• brother of Charles II

• catholic

• anti-protestant

• w/ 2 protestant daughters (yipee)

Glorious Revolution

1. james’ son is born (to be raised catholic)

2. parliament invites mary + william to “invade” from holland —> don’t want catholic gov!

3. james flees from england

4. parliament agrees to rule of william + mary (w/ a bill of rights) in 1689

results of the glorious revolution

1. Limited Constitutional Monarchy

2. English Bill of Rights

3. guaranteed rights to all englishmen (victory for bourgeoisie!)

Limited Constitutional Monarchy (England)

1. destroyed idea of divine right

2. defined parliament’s “permanent role” in gov

English Bill of Rights

• freedom of speech

• right to petition the gov

• no cruel or unusual punishment

moderate reforms after the french revolution

1. nobles agree to abolish feudalism!

2. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

3. Civil Constitution of the Clergy

4. Constitution of 1791

5. Other Reforms

• guaranteed citizenship to Jews and Protestants

• brought an end to primogeniture

constitution of 1791

• created a limited monarchy

• Legislative Assembly was formed

• equal rights were guaranteed to all male citizens (my girls…)

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

• sought to end power and influence of the Catholic Church

• priests and bishops were to be elected

• church lands would be sold

• ended papal authority

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

• spelled out the “natural rights” of ppl

• freedom of speech, press

• right to participate in lawmaking process

• placed sovereignty in the “nation”

• wealth was the new basis for social order (not birth, blood, or privilege)

why was it good that wealth was the new basis for social order?

—> allows bourgeoisie to be recognized and gain political power rather than clumped with the lower class

Legislative Assembly

it was formed to make new laws, conduct foreign affairs, collect taxes (only small pop. were eligible for office)

primogeniture

the rule that all of a father’s inheritance must go to his firstborn son

how was the new french gov similar to the english gov?

in both countries, power was shared between the monarch and an elected legislature

threats to the French Revolution

1. External

• Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)

• Legislative Assembly declares war on Prussia, Austria, and Britain

2. Winning the War

• Levée en masse

• September 1792 - Battle of Valmy

3. Internal

• Refractory Priests - less than ½ of clergy and only 7/100 bishops took oath of loyalty to the revolution —> b/c the revolution restricted the power and influence of the Catholic Church

• Royalists - mostly nobles who wanted to return to a monarchy

Battle of Valmy (1792)

French stop Austrian and Prussian invasion

Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)

Prussia and Austria vow to invade France to protect monarchy

Levée en masse

all citizens contribute to the war effort

who did the french revolution ignore?

1. Women did not get equality or right to participate in gov

2. Olympe de Gouges was executed

3. Peasants were not a priority

• food prices remained high

• The Vendée (March 1793) - bloody peasant revolt

The Vendée (1793)

bloody peasant revolt in France

cause of the Vendée

peasants were starving as the food prices were still high during the French Revolution

Olympe de Gouges

a radical feminist and one of the first people to fight for equal rights for women

wrote the “Declaration of the Rights of Woman”

radical reforms during the French Revolution

1. In August 1792, a mob attacks the king’s palace and kills the guards so the king flees to the Legislative Assembly for protection

2. The French Republic

• September 1792 - National Convention meets

• abolished monarchy, established republic

• universal male suffrage

3. Trial of Louis XVI

• jan 1793 - guillotined

actions of the French Republic

• abolished monarchy, established republic

• universal male suffrage

The Terror

1. Committee of Public Safety

2. “Republic of Virtue” (through terror)

3. 9th of Thermidor (July 1794)

9th of Thermidor (1794)

• Robespierre arrested + beheaded

• Committee of Public Safety disbanded

“Republic of Virtue”

• all “enemies of the revolution” were punished —> applies to anyone who disagreed with the radicals

• 40k beheaded during reign of terror

Committee of Public Safety

• radical leaders led by Maximilien Robespierre

• created new secular calendar

• successful invasions of Italy + Netherlands

• crushed peasant revolts