Anatomy Lab 2 - Osteology (Axial Skeleton)

how many bones does the axial skeleton consist of

80

what are the 5 major functions of the skeletal system

support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and production of blood

compact bone

looks smooth and homogeneous

spongy bone

composed of small trabeculae of bone and lots of open spaces

trabeculae

tiny beams and struts

long bones

longer than they are wide and generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end

long bones are primarily composed of compact bone (ex:humerus)

short bones

roughly cube shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone (ex: carpals)

flat bones

generally flattened along a major aspect of their geometry, but can be curved (Ex: ribs, occipital bone) with two wafer-like layers of compact bone between a layer of spongy bone

EX: sternum

irregular bone

do not fit into the above categories due to their irregular morphology (vertebra)

periosteum

encapsulates bones

tough, fibrous membrane which covers the compact bone surface, appears shiny and glossy

2 layers of periosteum

outer fibrous layer where tendons and bone ligaments attach and an inner cellular layer that produces osteoblast needed for bone growth and repair

how do osteoblasts become osteocytes

they embed in the bone matrix they produce and become osteocytes that maintain bone tissue

diaphysis

long bones such as the femur have this long central shaft

epiphysis

located at each end of long bones

proximal epiphysis

the end of the long bone closest to the trunk of the body

distal epiphysis

the end of the long bone furthest away from the trunk of the body

articular cartilage

layer of hyaline cartilage found where an epiphysis articulates with another bone (covers the epiphysis)

what is the wall of the diaphysis made of

compact bone

characterize the interior of the diaphysis

hollow, forming a space called the marrow (medullary) cavity

the vast majority of medullary cavities in the long bones of adults contain what

high concentrations of lipids and is called yellow marrow

endosteum

lines the marrow cavity

metaphysis

located between the diaphysis and either epiphysis

formation of an epiphyseal line in place of the epiphyseal plate indicated what

the bone has transitioned from the juvenile stage to the adult stage

bone growth stops when

the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate disappears and is replaced

epiphyseal line

bony remnant of the growth plate

thin bones with no marrow cavity

flat bones

what are flat bones comprised of

a layer of spongy bone between superficial layers of compact bone

what is the name for the compact bone layers collectively

cortex

what is the name for the compact bone layers individually

external and internal tables

external and internal tables are

thick in order to provide strength for the bone

the spongy bone between the tables is called

diploe

what is diploe filled with

red marrow

red marrow

a type of loose connective tissue made up of stem cells from which all blood cells arise

projections

processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints

depressions

indentations or openings in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels

tuberosity marking

large round projection

crest marking

narrow ridge of a bone; usually prominent - projection

trochanter marking

very large, blunt irregularly shaped process - projection

line marking

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest - projection

tubercle marking

small rounded projection or process - projection

epicondyle marking

raised area on or above a condyle - projection

spine marking

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

process marking

any bony prominence - projection

head marking

body expansion carried on a narrow neck

(surface that forms joints)

facet marking

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

(surface that forms joints)

condyle marking

rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

(surface that forms joints)

ramus marking

arm-like bar of a bone

(surface that forms joints)

foramen marking

round or oval opening through a bone (depression/opening)

groove marking

furrow (depression)

fissure marking

narrow, slit like opening (depression)

notch marking

indentation at the end of a structure (depression)

fossa marking

shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface (depression)

meatus marking

canal-like passageway (depression)

sinus

bone cavity filled with air and lines with mucous membrane (depression)

what passes through olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate

olfactory nerve I

what passes through the optical canal

optic nerve II

what passes through the superior orbital fissure

oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, and abducens nerve VI

what passes through the foramen rotundum

trigeminal nerve V

what passes through the foramen ovale

trigeminal nerve V

what passes through the foramen lacerum

no structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults

what passes through the foramen spinosum

middle meningeal artery

what passes through the carotid canal

internal carotid artery

what passes through the internal auditory meatus

facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

what passes through the jugular foramen

internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, and spinal accessory nerve XI

what passes through the hypoglossal canal

hypoglossal nerve XII

what passes through the supraorbital foramen

supraorbital artery and nerve

what passes through the inferior orbital fissure

zygomatic nerve and blood vessels

what passes through the infraorbital foramen

infraorbital nerve

what passes through the mental foramen

blood vessels and trigeminal nerve V

what passes through the foramen magnum

spinal cord

what passes through the stylomastoid foramen

facial nerve VII

what passes through the mandibular foramen

alveolar nerve

what passes through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

vertebral arteries

what passes through the costal groove

neurovascular bundle

pneumonic for cranial nerves

oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet AH