chapter 24 Lifespan Development

• Infancy: birth to 1 year • r

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of deaths

before age 1 year.

Development is a lifelong process that begins at con-ception, the beginning of pregnancy, and ends with death.

Development is influenced by a series of interacting events, including personal behaviors, genetics, and the environment.

Toddler: 1 to 3 years •

Preschool: 3 to 5 years •

School age: 6 to 12 years •

Adolescence: 13 to 19 years

Early adulthood: 20 to 40 years

Middle adulthood: 40 to 65 years

Late adulthood: 65 years and over

Growth refers to an increase in size and may involve

the entire being or parts within.

Development refers to function and the gradual process of change and differ-entiation, from simple to complex.

two directional terms important to understanding growth and development are cephalocaudal and proximodistal.

Cephalocaudal is defined as growth and development that proceeds from the head toward the feet.

(The infant’s head is large as compared with the rest of its body; gradually ,the body catches up.)

Proximodistal

refers to growth and development that originates in the center of the body and moves toward the outside.

(For example, the infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of the hands and fingers. )

Growth patterns appear to be controlled genetically.

The blueprint for all inherited traits is contained in the _________

chromosomes (thread-like structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information)

Only identical twins have the same combinations of chromosomes called ______

karyotype

Development begins with conception (fertilization)

zygote (the developing ovum

from the time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted in the uterus) contains 23 pairs of chromo-somes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

The ovum always carries an X chromosome, whereas the sperm sometimes carries an X and sometimes a Y chromo-some.

A teratogen is a substance, agent, or pro-cess that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus.

(environmental factors also play

a role in contributing to certain diseases or defects in the unborn.Drugs, alcohol, viruses, and cigarette smoke are just a few of the known harmful substances that are best avoided during pregnancy. )

The transmission of certain abnormalities is determined

genetically. Examples of such inherited disorders in-clude

Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell disease, phenylke-tonuria, and spina bifida.

Families are composed of two or more individuals united by mar-riage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, and social roles.

The nuclear family is a family unit that consists of parents and their biological offspring

The extended family consists of the nuclear or tradition-al family as well as additional family such as grand-parents, grandchildren, aunts, and uncles who live in the same household

A sharing of support, roles, and responsibilities is common to this family structure.

The Extended Family

Which family structure lives in independent household

The Nuclear Family

The single-parent family exists today by choice or as the result of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment.

In which family structure does one adult performs roles of two people

The Single-parent Family

The blended (reconstituted) family (also called the step-family) is formed when adults remarry and bring to-gether children from previous marriages.

The social contract family style also is referred to as co-habitation. It involves an unmarried couple living to-gether and sharing roles and responsibilities.

This fam-ily unit may or may not share children; the children in this family unit may belong to the couple or may be from previous relationships.

The social contract family

The LGBTQ family is composed of a combination of par-ents who identify as lesbian, bisexual, gay, transgender or queer.

The adoptive family is a family unit created with non-biological children.

Grandfamilies refer to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grand-parents.

About a third of these families also includes at least one of the biological parents

African American chil-dren have double the likelihood of living in a grand-family at some point in their lives

The foster family results when the biological parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children.

Family patterns refer to the way in which family mem-bers relate to one another.

What are the 4 family patterns?

autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, and demo-cratic

Which family pattern is least open to outside influence?

Autocratic

patriarchal family pattern, the adult male (or

males) of the family assumes the dominant role.

matriarchal family pattern (also known as the matrifocal family), the adult female (or females) of the family assumes primary dominance in areas of child-care, homemaking, and financial decision making.

In some families of this type, an older female relative provides childcare so that the mother is free to work outside of the home.

democratic family pattern, the adult members

function as equals.

In which family pattern are the children treated with respect and recognized as individuals

The democratic family pattern

This style of family pattern encourages joint deci-sion making and recognizes and supports the uniqueness of each individual member.

The democratic family pattern

Which family pattern favors negotiation, compromise, and growth.

The democratic family pattern

Which stage begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves and others that they are considering marriage?

Engagement or Commitment stage

establishment stage extends from the ______ up until the ______________.

the wedding

the birth of the first child

During this phase, one of the important tasks is the adjustment from the single, independent state to the married, interdepen-dent state.

The establishment stage

Which stage begins with conception and continues through pregnancy?

The expectant stage

The agreement a woman makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child and then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby’s natural father or another couple is called?

surrogacy

The parenthood stage begins at the_____or _____

birth or adoption of the first child.

The stage of parenthood is that period of family life when the grown children depart from the home

The disengagement stage

during this stage couples or the single parent redefine personal roles and structure time so that there is a sense of usefulness, accomplishment, and self-fulfillment.

the disengagement stage

This stage is the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes.

The senescence stage

stressors affect the family unit. Chronic ill-ness, abuse, and divorce are some of the most common factors.

Children younger than ____ year of age have the highest rate of victimization, and the abuser is most commonly a ____.

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Parent