BOTAONE Modules 8-12 - NOT comprehensive

from https://quizlet.com/710416022/botaone-long-exam-3-flash-cards/

Meristems

the plant's growing points

Primary/Apical
Secondary/Lateral

Types of meristems

Root and Shoot

System

Vascular cambium
Cork cambium

Secondary/Lateral meristem

Shoot apex
Root apex

Primary/Apical meristem

Organs

Root
Stem
Leaves
Flower
Fruit Seed

Tissues

dermal, ground, vascular

Dermal tissue

Epidermal cells, Stomata, Trichomes
Parenchyma cells/tissue

Ground tissue

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Vascular tissue

Xylem and phloem
Parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue
Tracheids and Vessel Elements
Sieve Tubes and Companion Cells

Epidermis

consist of stomates, trichomes, root hairs

Trichomes

Non-glandular - protect the plant from harsh environmental and physical conditions and stresses
Glandular - release secondary metabolites

Parenchyma

Alive at maturity
Thin and flexible primary walls

Chlorenchyma

Type of parenchyma:
has a green hue when viewed under the microscope
Rectangular in shape
Chloroplasts can be seen inside the cells

Storage parenchyma

In cross-section, stained cells indicate amyloplastids (starch grains)

Aerenchyma

Large air spaces in between cells
Cells are round and bubble-like in shape and form hexagons and spaces due to their arrangement

Stellate parenchyma

Web-like in shape
Have a structured arrangement, can be seen in bundles (purple and green), visible layers are found

Collenchyma

alive at maturity
thicker and uneven cell walls

Sclerenchyma

dead at functional maturity
rigid because of thick secondary walls

Sclereids

short and irregular, have lignified secondary walls

Fibers

long and slender, arranged in threads

xylem

water-conducting tissue, nutrients
roots to shoots

phloem

food-conducting tissue, sugars, and amino acids
leaves to roots or flowers

periderm

protective covering
cork and parenchyma

Secretory structures

latex, resins, nectar, and other substances that are produced and stored in channels inside the plant body

Tracheid

part of the xylem, dead and empty cells
long, thin cell with a tapered end

Vessel elements

part of xylem
wider, shorter, thinner-walled, less tapered

root cap

protects the root's apical meristem
a protective loose layer of cells
detects gravity so roots grow

root hair

unicellular extension of the root epidermis
increase the surface area

ground tissue

consists of parenchyma cells and usually stores starch
consist of the cortex and pith (in certain roots)

epidermis

outer protective covering

vascular tissues

complex tissues for conduction of substances
xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals
phloem conducts dissolved sugar

endodermis

innermost layer of the cortex of the root that prevents water and dissolved materials from entering the xylem by passing between cells

Casparian strip

A band of waterproof material around the radial and transverse cells of the endodermis

Pericycle

A layer of cells just inside the endodermis of the root
Gives rise to lateral roots

Contents of Primary roots

Vascular bundle (Stele) \= contains xylem and phloem
Cortex (ground)
Epidermis (dermal)
Pericycle
Pith
Xylem
Phloem

taproot system

one prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it

fibrous root system

several adventitious roots of approximately equal size that arise from the base of the stem

water movement

Root hair -\> epidermis -\> cortex (symplast or apoplast pathway) -\> endodermis -\> pericycle -\> xylem of root

symplast

A continuum consisting of the cytoplasm of many plant cells, connected from one cell to the next by plasmodesmata

apoplast

A continuum consisting of the interconnected porous plant cell walls, along which water moves freely

Anchorage, Absorption, Conduction

Main Functions of Roots

Modified roots

Food storage
Propagative roots
Pneumatophores
Aerial roots
Photosynthetic roots of some orchids
Contractile roots of some herbaceous dicots and monocots
Buttress roots
Parasitic roots
Symbiotic roots

Economic Importance of Roots

Root crops as sources of starch
Some roots are used as flavorings
Medicine

Main Functions of Stems

Support
Conduct
Produce new living tissues

Modified Stems

Aboveground stems and Underground stems

secondary growth

Takes place in woody dicots and gymnosperms
Occurs in lateral meristems; corm cambium & vascular cambium

wood

secondary xylem, or everything on the interior side of the vascular cambium

bark

everything exterior of the vascular cambium, including the secondary phloem and the periderm (cork cambium + cork)

Economic Importance of Stem

Food, Medicine, Paper, Resin, Fuel, Lumber

ligule

collar extension of the sheath curving around the stem; membranous, hairy, or absent

auricle

the appendage that surrounds the stem at the junction of the blade and sheath

Leaf morphology

type of leaves, venation, phyllotaxy, leaf shape, base, margin, apex

Bulliform cells

large, thin-walled cells located at the upper epidermis; helps reduce water loss

Leaf epidermis

Cells that cover the outer surface of the leaves

3 basic kinds of epidermal cells

Ordinary epidermal cells
Trichomes or hair cells
Guard cells

Stomata

pore or opening mostly lower in the epidermis

xerophytes

Desert plants
thick and reduced leaves
stomata open only at night time

Conifers

waxy needle leaves
evergreen
thick, waxy cuticle
sunken stomata

cotyledon

modified leaf; first leaves produced by a germinating seed, often contain a store of food

bracts

modified leaf; petal-like leaves to attract pollinators

Insect-trapping

modified leaf; All of these plants live under nutrient-poor conditions and digest insect bodies to obtain nitrogen and other essential nutrients
venus flytrap

tendrils

modified leaf; blade of leaves of leaflets are reduced in size, allowing plants to cling to other objects (sweet pea and garden peas)

spine

modified leaf; In cacti and euphorbs, leaves are often reduced such that they serve as a spine

Storage leaves

succulent leaves retain water in large vacuoles

Reproductive leaves

Kalanchoe plantlets arise on margins of leaves

Window leaves

plant is buried in soil with transparent parts exposed to light
being buried reduces loss of water in arid environments

Flower pot leaves

structure to catch water and debris for nutrient collection - fairy-elephant's feet

Plant adaptations to habitats

Mesophytes - adequate water
Xerophytes - dry habitat
Halophytes - salty habitat
Hydrophytes - freshwater habitat

Leaf Abscission

In temperate climates, most woody plants with broad leaves shed leaves in fall
Helps them survive the low temperatures of winter
Involves physiological and anatomical changes

Economic Importance of Leaves

Food, Spices, Drinks
Dyes
Fibers
Fuel
Drugs