Human Physiology Exam 1

​Long-term adaptations make the body more efficient in responding to an ongoing or repetitive challenge in homeostasis.

True or False?

True

What type of tissue consists of cells specialized for transmitting messages?

a. muscle

b. nervous

c. epithelial

d. bone

e. connective

b. nervous

A common example of positive feedback is the control of room temperature via a thermostat.

True or False?

false

The two main categories of glands are called ____.​

a. internal and external

b. endocrine and exocrine

c. ducted and ductless

d. secretive and absorptive

e. embryonic and latent

b. endocrine and exocrine

The three types of muscle tissue include skeletal, smooth, and connective.

True or False?

false

Tendons and ligaments are classified as epithelial tissue.​

Ture or false?

false

The extracellular fluid is made up of which two components?​

a. white blood cells and lymph

b. lymph and plasma

c. red blood cells and interstitial fluid

d. plasma and interstitial fluid

e. cellular matrix and globular filtrate

d. plasma and interstitial fluid

Which sequence correctly illustrates a negative feedback system?

a. ​negative input → sensor → integrator → positive output

b. input → negative effect → output → change

c. integrator → effector → compensatory response → sensor

d.​sensor → integrator → effector → compensatory response

e. external stimuli → effector → internal change → integration

d.​sensor → integrator → effector → compensatory response

​Exercise initially disrupts homeostasis.

True or false?

false

Physiology focuses exclusively on the study of human beings.​

True or false?

false

How many body systems contribute to homeostasis?

a. 9

b. 11

c. 5

d. 7

e. 15

b. 11

The plasma membrane that surrounds each cell consists of non-fatty substances to allow for free movement of materials in and out of the cell.

True or false?

false

The functional activities of each cell depend on the ability to divide.​

True or false?

false

​At what numbered stage in the accompanying figure does the Golgi complex membrane curve and form a bud? (figure

a. part 4

b. part 3

c. part 2

d. part 1

e. part 5

What is an alternative name for the citric acid cycle?

a. Kreb's cycle

b. dicarboxylic acid cycle

c. glycolysis

d. lactic acid cycle

e. vitamin C cycle

a. Krebs cycle

From what structures do microtubules arise?​

a. macrotubules

b. lysosomes

c. centrosomes

d. microfilaments

e. mitochondria

c. centrosomes

A cell has three major parts: the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.

True or false?

true

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in protein synthesis.

True or false?

false

All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells.

True or false?

true

​Which cytoskeletal element is the largest?

a. macrotubules

b. microtubules

c. microfilaments

d. macrofilaments

e. small filaments

b. microtubules

What is the main role of the mitochondria within cells?

a. free radical scavenging

b. detoxification

c. power plant

d. recycling

e. gene protecting

c. power plant

How many enzymes are used for the process of glycolysis?

a. 4

b. 6

c. 8

d. 12

e. 10

e. 10

​At what numbered stage in the accompanying figure do v-SNAREs bind only with the t-SNARE docking-marker acceptors? (figure )

a. part 2

b. part 3

c. part 5

d. part 1

e. part 4

e. part 4

​All molecules and ions are in continuous random motion at temperatures above absolute zero as a result of thermal (heat) energy.

True or false?

true

Gap junctions are especially abundant in what kind of tissue?

a. nerves

b. brain tissue

c. tendons

d. cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

e. fingernails

d. cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Passage across the epithelial barrier must take place between the cells, not through them.

True or false?

false

What are active-transport mechanisms commonly called?

a. couriers

b. funnels

c. pumps

d. bridges

e. engines

c. pumps

Membrane potential can be calculated by using what equation?​

a. Edison equation

b. Fick's equation

c. Tesla equation

d. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

e. Nerst equation

d. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

Fibronectin promotes cell adhesion and holds cells in position.

True or false?

true

​If a substance can cross a membrane, the membrane is impermeable to that substance.

True or false?

false

​The equilibrium potential for a given ion with differing concentrations across a membrane can be calculated by means of Fick's equation.

True or false?

false

What is the main role of membrane carbohydrates?

a. self-identity marker

b. transport molecules

c. electrical conductance

d. initiates endocytosis

e. barrier compounds

a. self-identity markers

What law governs how concentration gradients and other factors influence the rate of net diffusion?​

a. ​Fick's law of movement

b. ​Fick's law of osmosis

c. ​Fick's law of diffusion

d. ​Fick's law of concentrations

e. ​Fick's law of gradients

c. ​Fick's law of diffusion

Membrane channels can be open or closed, but carriers are always "open for business."

True or false?

true

Cells organized into appropriate groupings are held together by what three means?​

a. ​CAMs, cholesterol, and carbohydrate molecules

b. ​CAMs, extracellular matrix, and specialized cell junctions

c. ​CAMs, cholesterol, and specialized cell junctions

d. ​ALMs, extracellular matrix, and carbohydrate molecules

e. ​ALMs, extracellular matrix, and specialized cell junctions

b. ​CAMs, extracellular matrix, and specialized cell junctions

What term refers to the branching of axon terminals so that a single cell synapses with and influences many other cells?​

a. convergence

b. divergence

c. termination

d. integration

e. bifurcation

b. divergence

The stronger the triggering event, the larger the resultant graded potential.

True or false?

true

Where do hydrophilic peptide hormones dissolve?

a. the cytoplasm

b. the blood

c. the extracellular fluid

d. the intercellular matrix

e. the intracellular fluid

b. the blood

What paracrine is released from a specific type of connective tissue cell during an inflammatory response?

a. dopamine

b. histamine

c. cytokinin

d. serotonin

e. cytosine

b. histomine

Hormones are long-range chemical messengers specifically secreted into the blood by endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal.

Ture or false?

true

​The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons is called the synaptic knob.

True or false?

false

What are the chemical messengers for the nervous system?

a. hormones released into the blood

b. hormones released in the spinal canal

c. neurotransmitters released into the blood

d. hormones released into the synaptic cleft

e. neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft

e. neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft

What neurotransmitter is made from tryptophan?

a. serotonin

b. glutamate

c. dopamine

d. acetylcholine

e. norepinephrine

a. serotonin

Scientists recently discovered a possible new route for direct exchange of materials between cells: ____.

a. ​protein carriers

b. ​microcrystals

c. ​tunneling nanotubes

d. ​lipid bridges

e. ​piggy back molecules

c. ​tunneling nanotubes

What ensures the one-way propagation of an action potential away from the initial site of activation?

a. the salutatory period

b. ​The electrical period

c. ​The activation period

d. ​The refractory period

e. ​The rest period

d. ​The refractory period

​What is stored in synaptic vesicles?

a. glucose

b. neurotransmitters

c. hormones

d. sodium ions

e. ATP

b. neurotransmitters

Messenger binding to a ____ activates tyrosine kinase.

a. ​lipid dependent receptor

b. ​chemically gated receptor-channel

c. ​receptor-enzyme complex

d. ​cholesterol-coupled complex

e. ​G-protein-coupled receptor